Swift Codable Patterns

Comprehensive guide to Codable protocol conformance for JSON and PropertyList encoding/decoding in Swift 6.x.

Quick Reference

Decision Tree: When to Use Each Approach

Has your type...
├─ All properties Codable? → Automatic synthesis (just add `: Codable`)
├─ Property names differ from JSON keys? → CodingKeys customization
├─ Needs to exclude properties? → CodingKeys customization
├─ Enum with associated values? → Check enum synthesis patterns
├─ Needs structural transformation? → Manual implementation + bridge types
├─ Needs data not in JSON? → DecodableWithConfiguration (iOS 15+)
└─ Complex nested JSON? → Manual implementation + nested containers

Common Triggers

Error	Solution
"Type 'X' does not conform to protocol 'Decodable'"	Ensure all stored properties are Codable
"No value associated with key X"	Check CodingKeys match JSON keys
"Expected to decode X but found Y instead"	Type mismatch; check JSON structure or use bridge type
"keyNotFound"	JSON missing expected key; make property optional or provide default
"Date parsing failed"	Configure dateDecodingStrategy on decoder

---

Part 1: Automatic Synthesis

Swift automatically synthesizes Codable conformance when all stored properties are Codable.

Struct Synthesis

// ✅ Automatic synthesis
struct User: Codable {
    let id: UUID              // Codable
    var name: String          // Codable
    var membershipPoints: Int // Codable
}

// JSON: {"id":"...", "name":"Alice", "membershipPoints":100}

Requirements:

• All stored properties must conform to Codable
• Properties use standard Swift types or other Codable types
• No custom initialization logic needed

Enum Synthesis Patterns

Pattern 1: Raw Value Enums

enum Direction: String, Codable {
    case north, south, east, west
}

// Encodes as: "north"

The raw value itself becomes the JSON representation.

Pattern 2: Enums Without Associated Values

enum Status: Codable {
    case success
    case failure
    case pending
}

// Encodes as: {"success":{}}

Each case becomes an object with the case name as the key and empty dictionary as value.

Pattern 3: Enums With Associated Values

enum APIResult: Codable {
    case success(data: String, count: Int)
    case error(code: Int, message: String)
}

// success case encodes as:
// {"success":{"data":"example","count":5}}

Gotcha: Unlabeled associated values generate _0, _1 keys:

enum Command: Codable {
    case store(String, Int)  // ❌ Unlabeled
}

// Encodes as: {"store":{"_0":"value","_1":42}}

Fix: Always label associated values for predictable JSON:

enum Command: Codable {
    case store(key: String, value: Int)  // ✅ Labeled
}

// Encodes as: {"store":{"key":"value","value":42}}

When Synthesis Breaks

Automatic synthesis fails when:

1. Computed properties - Only stored properties are encoded
2. Non-Codable properties - Custom types without Codable conformance
3. Property wrappers - @Published, @State (except @AppStorage with Codable types)
4. Class inheritance - Subclasses must implement init(from:) manually

---

Part 2: CodingKeys Customization

Use CodingKeys enum to customize encoding/decoding without full manual implementation.

Renaming Keys

struct Article: Codable {
    let url: URL
    let title: String
    let body: String

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case url = "source_link"      // JSON uses "source_link"
        case title = "content_name"   // JSON uses "content_name"
        case body                     // Matches JSON key
    }
}

// JSON: {"source_link":"...", "content_name":"...", "body":"..."}

Excluding Properties

Omit properties from CodingKeys to exclude them from encoding/decoding:

struct NoteCollection: Codable {
    let name: String
    let notes: [Note]
    var localDrafts: [Note] = []  // ✅ Must have default value

    enum CodingKeys: CodingKey {
        case name
        case notes
        // localDrafts omitted - not encoded/decoded
    }
}

Rule: Excluded properties require default values or you must implement init(from:) manually.

Snake Case Conversion

For consistent snake_case → camelCase conversion:

let decoder = JSONDecoder()
decoder.keyDecodingStrategy = .convertFromSnakeCase

// JSON: {"first_name":"Alice", "last_name":"Smith"}
// Decodes to: User(firstName: "Alice", lastName: "Smith")

Enum Associated Value Keys

Customize keys for enum associated values using {CaseName}CodingKeys:

enum Command: Codable {
    case store(key: String, value: Int)
    case delete(key: String)

    enum StoreCodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case key = "identifier"  // Renames "key" to "identifier"
        case value = "data"      // Renames "value" to "data"
    }

    enum DeleteCodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case key = "identifier"
    }
}

// store case encodes as: {"store":{"identifier":"x","data":42}}

Pattern: {CaseName}CodingKeys with capitalized case name.

---

Part 3: Manual Implementation

For structural differences between JSON and Swift models, implement init(from:) and encode(to:).

Container Types

Container	When to Use
Keyed	Dictionary-like data with string keys
Unkeyed	Array-like sequential data
Single-value	Wrapper types that encode as a single value
Nested	Hierarchical JSON structures

Nested Containers Example

Flatten hierarchical JSON:

// JSON:
// {
//   "latitude": 37.7749,
//   "longitude": -122.4194,
//   "additionalInfo": {
//     "elevation": 52
//   }
// }

struct Coordinate {
    var latitude: Double
    var longitude: Double
    var elevation: Double  // Nested in JSON, flat in Swift

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case latitude, longitude, additionalInfo
    }

    enum AdditionalInfoKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case elevation
    }
}

extension Coordinate: Decodable {
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let values = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        latitude = try values.decode(Double.self, forKey: .latitude)
        longitude = try values.decode(Double.self, forKey: .longitude)

        let additionalInfo = try values.nestedContainer(
            keyedBy: AdditionalInfoKeys.self,
            forKey: .additionalInfo
        )
        elevation = try additionalInfo.decode(Double.self, forKey: .elevation)
    }
}

extension Coordinate: Encodable {
    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        try container.encode(latitude, forKey: .latitude)
        try container.encode(longitude, forKey: .longitude)

        var additionalInfo = container.nestedContainer(
            keyedBy: AdditionalInfoKeys.self,
            forKey: .additionalInfo
        )
        try additionalInfo.encode(elevation, forKey: .elevation)
    }
}

Bridge Types for Structural Mismatches

When JSON structure fundamentally differs from Swift model:

// JSON: {"USD": 1.0, "EUR": 0.85, "GBP": 0.73}
// Want: [ExchangeRate]

struct ExchangeRate {
    let currency: String
    let rate: Double
}

// Bridge type for decoding
private extension ExchangeRate {
    struct List: Decodable {
        let values: [ExchangeRate]

        init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
            let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
            let dictionary = try container.decode([String: Double].self)
            values = dictionary.map { ExchangeRate(currency: $0, rate: $1) }
        }
    }
}

// Public interface
extension ExchangeRate {
    static func decode(from data: Data) throws -> [ExchangeRate] {
        let list = try JSONDecoder().decode(List.self, from: data)
        return list.values
    }
}

---

Part 4: Date Handling

Built-in Strategies

let decoder = JSONDecoder()

// 1. ISO 8601 (recommended)
decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .iso8601
// Expects: "2024-02-15T17:00:00+01:00"

// 2. Unix timestamp (seconds)
decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .secondsSince1970
// Expects: 1708012800

// 3. Unix timestamp (milliseconds)
decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .millisecondsSince1970
// Expects: 1708012800000

// 4. Custom formatter
let formatter = DateFormatter()
formatter.dateFormat = "yyyy-MM-dd"
formatter.locale = Locale(identifier: "en_US_POSIX")  // ✅ Always set
formatter.timeZone = TimeZone(secondsFromGMT: 0)      // ✅ Always set
decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .formatted(formatter)

// 5. Custom closure
decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .custom { decoder in
    let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
    let dateString = try container.decode(String.self)

    if let date = ISO8601DateFormatter().date(from: dateString) {
        return date
    }

    throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(
        in: container,
        debugDescription: "Cannot decode date string \(dateString)"
    )
}

ISO 8601 Nuances

Default: 2024-02-15T17:00:00+01:00 Timezone required: Without timezone offset, decoding may fail across regions

// ❌ No timezone - parsing depends on device locale
"2024-02-15T17:00:00"

// ✅ With timezone - unambiguous
"2024-02-15T17:00:00+01:00"

Performance Consideration

Custom closures run for every date - optimize expensive operations:

// ❌ Creates new formatter for every date
decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .custom { decoder in
    let formatter = DateFormatter()  // Expensive!
    // ...
}

// ✅ Reuse formatter
let sharedFormatter = DateFormatter()
sharedFormatter.dateFormat = "yyyy-MM-dd"

decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .custom { decoder in
    // Use sharedFormatter
}

---

Part 5: Type Transformation

StringBacked Wrapper

Handle APIs that encode numbers as strings:

protocol StringRepresentable: CustomStringConvertible {
    init?(_ string: String)
}

extension Int: StringRepresentable {}
extension Double: StringRepresentable {}

struct StringBacked<Value: StringRepresentable>: Codable {
    var value: Value

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
        let string = try container.decode(String.self)

        guard let value = Value(string) else {
            throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(
                in: container,
                debugDescription: "Cannot convert '\(string)' to \(Value.self)"
            )
        }

        self.value = value
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.singleValueContainer()
        try container.encode(value.description)
    }
}

// Usage
struct Product: Codable {
    let name: String
    private let _price: StringBacked<Double>

    var price: Double {
        get { _price.value }
        set { _price = StringBacked(value: newValue) }
    }

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case name
        case _price = "price"
    }
}

// JSON: {"name":"Widget","price":"19.99"}
// Decodes to: Product(name: "Widget", price: 19.99)

Type Coercion

For loosely typed APIs that may return different types:

struct FlexibleValue: Codable {
    let stringValue: String

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()

        if let string = try? container.decode(String.self) {
            stringValue = string
        } else if let int = try? container.decode(Int.self) {
            stringValue = String(int)
        } else if let double = try? container.decode(Double.self) {
            stringValue = String(double)
        } else {
            throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(
                in: container,
                debugDescription: "Cannot decode value to String, Int, or Double"
            )
        }
    }
}

Warning: Avoid this pattern unless the API is truly unpredictable. Prefer strict types.

---

Part 6: Advanced Patterns

DecodableWithConfiguration (iOS 15+)

For types that need data unavailable in JSON:

struct User: Encodable, DecodableWithConfiguration {
    let id: UUID
    var name: String
    var favorites: Favorites  // Not in JSON, injected via configuration

    enum CodingKeys: CodingKey {
        case id, name
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder, configuration: Favorites) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        id = try container.decode(UUID.self, forKey: .id)
        name = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .name)
        favorites = configuration  // Injected
    }
}

// Usage (iOS 17+)
let favorites = try await fetchFavorites()
let user = try JSONDecoder().decode(
    User.self,
    from: data,
    configuration: favorites
)

userInfo Workaround (iOS 15-16)

extension JSONDecoder {
    private struct ConfigurationDecodingWrapper<T: DecodableWithConfiguration>: Decodable {
        var wrapped: T

        init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
            let config = decoder.userInfo[configurationUserInfoKey] as! T.DecodingConfiguration
            wrapped = try T(from: decoder, configuration: config)
        }
    }

    func decode<T: DecodableWithConfiguration>(
        _ type: T.Type,
        from data: Data,
        configuration: T.DecodingConfiguration
    ) throws -> T {
        let decoder = JSONDecoder()
        decoder.userInfo[Self.configurationUserInfoKey] = configuration
        let wrapper = try decoder.decode(ConfigurationDecodingWrapper<T>.self, from: data)
        return wrapper.wrapped
    }
}

private let configurationUserInfoKey = CodingUserInfoKey(rawValue: "configuration")!

Partial Decoding

Decode only the fields you need:

struct ArticlePreview: Decodable {
    let id: UUID
    let title: String
    // Omit body, comments, etc.
}

// JSON has many more fields, but we only decode id and title

---

Part 7: Debugging

DecodingError Cases

do {
    let user = try decoder.decode(User.self, from: data)
} catch DecodingError.keyNotFound(let key, let context) {
    print("Missing key '\(key)' at path: \(context.codingPath)")
} catch DecodingError.typeMismatch(let type, let context) {
    print("Type mismatch for \(type) at path: \(context.codingPath)")
} catch DecodingError.valueNotFound(let type, let context) {
    print("Value not found for \(type) at path: \(context.codingPath)")
} catch DecodingError.dataCorrupted(let context) {
    print("Data corrupted at path: \(context.codingPath)")
} catch {
    print("Other error: \(error)")
}

Debugging Techniques

1. Pretty-print JSON

let encoder = JSONEncoder()
encoder.outputFormatting = [.prettyPrinted, .sortedKeys]
let jsonData = try encoder.encode(user)
print(String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)!)

2. Inspect coding path

// In custom init(from:)
print("Decoding at path: \(decoder.codingPath)")

3. Validate JSON structure

// Quick check: Can it decode as Any?
let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
print(json)  // See actual structure

---

Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern	Cost	Better Approach
Manual JSON string building	Injection vulnerabilities, escaping bugs, no type safety	Use JSONEncoder
try? swallowing DecodingError	Silent failures, debugging nightmares, data loss	Handle specific error cases
Optional properties to avoid decode errors	Runtime crashes, nil checks everywhere, masks structural issues	Fix JSON/model mismatch or use DecodableWithConfiguration
Duplicating partial models	2-5 hours maintenance per change, sync issues, fragile	Use bridge types or configuration
Ignoring date timezone	Intermittent bugs across regions, data corruption	Always use ISO8601 with timezone or explicit UTC
JSONSerialization for Codable types	3x more boilerplate, manual type casting, error-prone	Use JSONDecoder/JSONEncoder
No locale on DateFormatter	Parsing fails in non-US locales	Set locale = Locale(identifier: "en_US_POSIX")

Why try? is Dangerous

// ❌ Silent failure - production bug waiting to happen
let user = try? JSONDecoder().decode(User.self, from: data)
// If this fails, user is nil - why? No idea.

// ✅ Explicit error handling
do {
    let user = try JSONDecoder().decode(User.self, from: data)
} catch {
    logger.error("Failed to decode user: \(error)")
    // Now you know WHY it failed
}

---

Pressure Scenarios

Scenario 1: "Just Use try? to Make It Compile"

Context: API integration deadline tomorrow, decoder failing on some edge case.

Pressure: "We can debug it later, just make it work now."

Why You'll Rationalize:

• "It's only failing on 1% of requests"
• "We can add logging later"
• "Customers won't notice"

What Actually Happens:

• Silent data loss for that 1%
• No logs, so you can't debug in production
• Customer complaints 3 months later
• You've forgotten the context by then

Discipline Response:

"Using try? here means we'll lose data silently. Let me spend 5 minutes handling the specific error case. If it's truly rare, I'll log it so we can fix the root cause."

5-Minute Fix:

do {
    return try decoder.decode(User.self, from: data)
} catch DecodingError.keyNotFound(let key, let context) {
    logger.error("Missing key '\(key)' in API response", metadata: [
        "path": .string(context.codingPath.description),
        "rawJSON": .string(String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) ?? "")
    ])
    throw APIError.invalidResponse(reason: "Missing key: \(key)")
} catch {
    logger.error("Failed to decode User", error: error)
    throw APIError.decodingFailed(error)
}

Result: You discover the API sometimes omits the email field for deleted users. Fix: make email optional only for that case, not all users.

---

Scenario 2: "Dates Are Intermittent, Must Be Server Bug"

Context: Date parsing works in your timezone but fails for European QA team.

Pressure: "It works for me, QA must be doing something wrong."

Why You'll Rationalize:

• "My tests pass locally"
• "The server is probably sending bad data"
• "It's their device settings"

What Actually Happens:

• Server sends dates without timezone: "2024-12-14T10:00:00"
• Your device (PST) interprets as 10:00 PST
• QA device (CET) interprets as 10:00 CET
• Different absolute times, intermittent bugs

Discipline Response:

"Intermittent date failures are almost always timezone issues. Let me check if we're using ISO8601 with timezone offsets."

Check:

// ❌ Current (fails across timezones)
decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .iso8601

// Server sends: "2024-12-14T10:00:00" (no timezone)
// PST device: Dec 14, 10:00 PST
// CET device: Dec 14, 10:00 CET
// Bug: Different times!

// ✅ Fix: Require server to send timezone
// "2024-12-14T10:00:00+00:00"
// OR: Explicitly parse as UTC
decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .custom { decoder in
    let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()
    let dateString = try container.decode(String.self)

    let formatter = ISO8601DateFormatter()
    formatter.timeZone = TimeZone(secondsFromGMT: 0)  // Force UTC

    guard let date = formatter.date(from: dateString) else {
        throw DecodingError.dataCorruptedError(
            in: container,
            debugDescription: "Invalid ISO8601 date: \(dateString)"
        )
    }

    return date
}

Result: Bug fixed, server adds timezone to API (or you parse explicitly as UTC). No more intermittent failures.

---

Scenario 3: "Just Make It Optional"

Context: New API field causes decoding to fail. Product manager wants a fix in 1 hour.

Pressure: "Can't you just make that field optional? We need this shipped."

Why You'll Rationalize:

• "It's faster than fixing the API"
• "We can make it non-optional later"
• "Users won't notice"

What Actually Happens:

• Field is actually required for the feature
• You add user.email ?? "" everywhere
• 3 months later: production crash because email was nil
• Now you can't remember why it was optional

Discipline Response:

"Making it optional masks the real problem. Let me check if the API is wrong or our model is wrong. This will take 10 minutes."

Investigation:

// Step 1: Print raw JSON
do {
    let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
    print(json)
} catch {
    print("Invalid JSON: \(error)")
}

// Step 2: Check if key exists but value is null
// {"email": null} vs key missing entirely

// Step 3: Check API docs - is email actually required?

Common Outcomes:

1. API is wrong: Field should be there → File bug, get hotfix
2. Model is wrong: Field is optional in some flows → Use proper optionality with clear documentation
3. Structural mismatch: Field is nested → Use nested container

Result: You discover email is nested in user.contact.email in the new API version. Fix with nested container, not optionality.

// ✅ Correct fix
struct User: Decodable {
    let id: UUID
    let email: String  // Still required

    enum CodingKeys: CodingKey {
        case id, contact
    }

    enum ContactKeys: CodingKey {
        case email
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        id = try container.decode(UUID.self, forKey: .id)

        let contact = try container.nestedContainer(
            keyedBy: ContactKeys.self,
            forKey: .contact
        )
        email = try contact.decode(String.self, forKey: .email)
    }
}

---

Related Skills

• swift-concurrency — Codable types crossing actor boundaries must be Sendable
• swiftdata — @Model types use Codable for CloudKit sync
• networking — Coder protocol wraps Codable for Network.framework
• app-intents-ref — AppEnum parameters use Codable serialization

---

Key Takeaways

1. Prefer automatic synthesis — Add : Codable when structure matches JSON
2. Use CodingKeys for simple mismatches — Rename or exclude without manual code
3. Manual implementation for structural differences — Nested containers, bridge types
4. Always set locale and timezone — DateFormatter requires en_US_POSIX and explicit timezone
5. Never swallow errors with try? — Handle DecodingError cases explicitly
6. Codable + Sendable — Value types (structs/enums) are ideal for async networking

Core Principle: Codable is Swift's universal serialization protocol. Master it once, use it everywhere.