Nuxt 4 Best Practices

Production-ready patterns for building modern Nuxt 4 applications with SSR, composables, server routes, and Cloudflare deployment.

Quick Reference

Version Requirements

Package	Minimum	Recommended
nuxt	4.0.0	4.2.x
vue	3.5.0	3.5.x
nitro	2.10.0	2.10.x
vite	6.0.0	6.0.x
typescript	5.0.0	5.x

Key Commands

# Create new project
bunx nuxi@latest init my-app

# Development
npm run dev

# Build for production
npm run build

# Preview production build
npm run preview

# Type checking
npm run postinstall  # Generates .nuxt directory
bunx nuxi typecheck

# Testing (Vitest)
npm run test
npm run test:watch

# Deploy to Cloudflare
bunx wrangler deploy

Directory Structure (Nuxt v4)

my-nuxt-app/
├── app/                    # ← New default srcDir in v4
│   ├── assets/             # Build-processed assets (CSS, images)
│   ├── components/         # Auto-imported Vue components
│   ├── composables/        # Auto-imported composables
│   ├── layouts/            # Layout components
│   ├── middleware/         # Route middleware
│   ├── pages/              # File-based routing
│   ├── plugins/            # Nuxt plugins
│   ├── utils/              # Auto-imported utility functions
│   ├── app.vue             # Main app component
│   ├── app.config.ts       # App-level runtime config
│   ├── error.vue           # Error page component
│   └── router.options.ts   # Router configuration
│
├── server/                 # Server-side code (Nitro)
│   ├── api/                # API endpoints
│   ├── middleware/         # Server middleware
│   ├── plugins/            # Nitro plugins
│   ├── routes/             # Server routes
│   └── utils/              # Server utilities
│
├── public/                 # Static assets (served from root)
├── shared/                 # Shared code (app + server)
├── content/                # Nuxt Content files (if using)
├── layers/                 # Nuxt layers
├── modules/                # Local modules
├── .nuxt/                  # Generated files (git ignored)
├── .output/                # Build output (git ignored)
├── nuxt.config.ts          # Nuxt configuration
├── tsconfig.json           # TypeScript configuration
└── package.json            # Dependencies

Key Change in v4: The app/ directory is now the default srcDir. All app code goes in app/, server code stays in server/.

When to Load References

This skill includes detailed reference files for deep-dive topics. Load these when you need comprehensive guidance beyond the quick-start examples below.

Load references/composables.md when:

• Writing custom composables with useState, useFetch, or useAsyncData
• Debugging state management issues or memory leaks in composables
• Implementing SSR-safe patterns with browser APIs (localStorage, window, etc.)
• Building authentication or complex state management composables
• Understanding singleton pattern vs per-call composables

Load references/data-fetching.md when:

• Implementing API data fetching with reactive parameters
• Troubleshooting shallow vs deep reactivity issues
• Debugging data not refreshing when params change
• Handling complex async data flows or multiple API calls
• Implementing pagination, infinite scroll, or search with debounce
• Understanding transform functions, caching, or error handling patterns

Load references/server.md when:

• Creating or debugging Nitro server API routes
• Integrating databases (D1 + Drizzle, PostgreSQL, etc.)
• Handling server middleware, authentication, or sessions
• Building WebSocket or real-time features
• Understanding request/response utilities (getQuery, readBody, setCookie, etc.)
• Implementing file uploads, streaming, or complex server logic

Load references/hydration.md when:

• Debugging "Hydration node mismatch" errors
• Implementing ClientOnly components correctly
• Checking for non-deterministic values (Math.random(), Date.now(), etc.)
• Understanding SSR vs client-side rendering differences
• Fixing hydration mismatches from browser APIs or third-party scripts

Load references/performance.md when:

• Optimizing bundle size or Core Web Vitals scores
• Implementing lazy loading, code splitting, or dynamic imports
• Configuring lazy hydration for heavy components
• Setting up image optimization with NuxtImg or NuxtPicture
• Implementing route-based caching strategies (SWR, ISR, prerendering)
• Debugging slow page loads or poor Lighthouse scores

Load references/testing-vitest.md when:

• Writing component tests with @nuxt/test-utils
• Testing composables with proper Nuxt context
• Mocking Nuxt composables (useFetch, useRoute, etc.)
• Testing server API routes
• Setting up Vitest configuration for Nuxt projects
• Debugging test failures or improving test coverage

Load references/deployment-cloudflare.md when:

• Deploying to Cloudflare Pages or Workers
• Configuring wrangler.toml for Nuxt applications
• Setting up NuxtHub integration (D1, KV, R2, Blob)
• Preparing bindings for Cloudflare services (Durable Objects, Queues, etc.)
• Troubleshooting deployment errors or runtime issues
• Understanding Workers Assets vs static site deployment

New in Nuxt v4

v4.2 Features (Latest)

1. Abort Control for Data Fetching

const controller = ref<AbortController>()

const { data } = await useAsyncData(
  'users',
  () => $fetch('/api/users', { signal: controller.value?.signal })
)

// Abort the request
const abortRequest = () => {
  controller.value?.abort()
  controller.value = new AbortController()
}

2. Enhanced Error Handling

• Dual error display: custom error page + technical overlay
• Better error messages in development
• Improved stack traces

3. Async Data Handler Extraction

• 39% smaller client bundles
• Data fetching logic extracted to server chunks
• Automatic optimization (no configuration needed)

4. TypeScript Plugin Support

• Experimental @dxup/nuxt module for TS plugins
• Better IDE integration

v4.1 Features

1. Enhanced Chunk Stability

• Import maps prevent cascading hash changes
• Better long-term caching
• Fewer unnecessary reloads

2. Lazy Hydration Without Auto-Imports

<script setup>
const LazyComponent = defineLazyHydrationComponent(() =>
  import('./HeavyComponent.vue')
)
</script>

3. Module Lifecycle Hooks

// In a Nuxt module
export default defineNuxtModule({
  setup(options, nuxt) {
    nuxt.hooks.hook('modules:onInstall', () => {
      console.log('Module just installed')
    })

    nuxt.hooks.hook('modules:onUpgrade', () => {
      console.log('Module upgraded')
    })
  }
})

Breaking Changes from v3

1. Default srcDir: Now app/ instead of root
2. Shallow Reactivity: useFetch/useAsyncData use shallow refs by default
3. Default Values: Changed from null to undefined
4. Route Middleware: Now runs on server by default
5. App Manifest: Enabled by default
6. Typed Pages: Automatic type generation for routes

Configuration

Basic nuxt.config.ts

export default defineNuxtConfig({
  // Enable future features
  future: {
    compatibilityVersion: 4
  },

  // Development config
  devtools: { enabled: true },

  // Modules
  modules: [
    '@nuxt/ui',
    '@nuxt/content',
    '@nuxtjs/tailwindcss'
  ],

  // Runtime config (environment variables)
  runtimeConfig: {
    // Server-only
    apiSecret: process.env.API_SECRET,
    databaseUrl: process.env.DATABASE_URL,

    // Public (client + server)
    public: {
      apiBase: process.env.API_BASE || 'https://api.example.com',
      appName: 'My App'
    }
  },

  // App config
  app: {
    head: {
      title: 'My Nuxt App',
      meta: [
        { charset: 'utf-8' },
        { name: 'viewport', content: 'width=device-width, initial-scale=1' }
      ]
    }
  },

  // Nitro config (server)
  nitro: {
    preset: 'cloudflare-pages',  // or 'cloudflare-module'
    experimental: {
      websocket: true  // Enable WebSocket support
    }
  },

  // TypeScript
  typescript: {
    strict: true,
    typeCheck: true
  },

  // Vite config
  vite: {
    optimizeDeps: {
      include: ['some-heavy-library']
    }
  }
})

Runtime Config Best Practices

// ✅ Use runtime config for environment variables
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
const apiUrl = config.public.apiBase

// ❌ Don't access process.env directly
const apiUrl = process.env.API_BASE  // Won't work in production

Why? Runtime config is reactive and works in both server and client environments. It's also type-safe.

Composables

Composables are auto-imported functions that encapsulate reusable logic. Key rule: Always use use prefix (useAuth, useCart).

useState vs ref - Critical Distinction

// ✅ CORRECT: Shared state (survives component unmount)
export const useCounter = () => {
  const count = useState('counter', () => 0)  // Singleton
  return { count }
}

// ❌ WRONG: Creates new instance every time!
export const useCounter = () => {
  const count = ref(0)  // Not shared
  return { count }
}

Rule: useState for shared state. ref for local component state. useState creates a singleton, ref doesn't.

For complete composable patterns including authentication examples, SSR-safe patterns, and advanced state management, load references/composables.md.

Data Fetching

Method	Use Case	SSR	Caching	Reactive
useFetch	Simple API calls	✅	✅	✅
useAsyncData	Custom async logic	✅	✅	✅
$fetch	Client-side only	❌	❌	❌

Quick Examples:

// useFetch - basic
const { data, error, pending } = await useFetch('/api/users')

// useFetch - reactive params (auto-refetch when page changes)
const page = ref(1)
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/users', { query: { page } })

// useAsyncData - multiple calls
const { data } = await useAsyncData('dashboard', async () => {
  const [users, posts] = await Promise.all([
    $fetch('/api/users'),
    $fetch('/api/posts')
  ])
  return { users, posts }
})

Critical v4 Change: Shallow reactivity is default. Use deep: true option if you need to mutate nested properties.

For comprehensive data fetching patterns including reactive keys, error handling, transform functions, and shallow vs deep reactivity, load references/data-fetching.md.

Server Routes (Nitro)

Nitro provides file-based server routes with HTTP method suffixes:

server/api/users/index.get.ts    → GET /api/users
server/api/users/[id].get.ts     → GET /api/users/:id
server/api/users/[id].delete.ts  → DELETE /api/users/:id

Basic Event Handler:

export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
  const id = getRouterParam(event, 'id')  // URL params
  const query = getQuery(event)            // Query params
  const body = await readBody(event)       // Request body

  // Error handling
  if (!id) {
    throw createError({ statusCode: 404, message: 'Not found' })
  }

  return { id, query, body }
})

For complete server patterns including request/response utilities, cookie handling, database integration (D1 + Drizzle), WebSockets, and middleware, load references/server.md.

Routing

Nuxt uses file-based routing in the pages/ directory.

Basic Pages

app/pages/
├── index.vue              → /
├── about.vue              → /about
├── users/
│   ├── index.vue          → /users
│   └── [id].vue           → /users/:id
└── blog/
    ├── index.vue          → /blog
    ├── [slug].vue         → /blog/:slug
    └── [...slug].vue      → /blog/* (catch-all)

Dynamic Routes

<!-- app/pages/users/[id].vue -->
<script setup lang="ts">
// Get route params
const route = useRoute()
const userId = route.params.id

// Or use computed for reactivity
const userId = computed(() => route.params.id)

// Fetch user data
const { data: user } = await useFetch(`/api/users/${userId.value}`)
</script>

<template>
  <div>
    <h1>{{ user?.name }}</h1>
  </div>
</template>

Navigation

<script setup>
const goToUser = (id: string) => {
  navigateTo(`/users/${id}`)
}

const goBack = () => {
  navigateTo(-1)  // Go back in history
}
</script>

<template>
  <!-- Declarative navigation -->
  <NuxtLink to="/about">About</NuxtLink>
  <NuxtLink :to="`/users/${user.id}`">View User</NuxtLink>

  <!-- Programmatic navigation -->
  <button @click="goToUser('123')">View User</button>
</template>

Route Middleware

// app/middleware/auth.ts
export default defineNuxtRouteMiddleware((to, from) => {
  const { isAuthenticated } = useAuth()

  if (!isAuthenticated.value) {
    return navigateTo('/login')
  }
})

// app/pages/dashboard.vue
<script setup lang="ts">
definePageMeta({
  middleware: 'auth'
})
</script>

Global Middleware

// app/middleware/analytics.global.ts
export default defineNuxtRouteMiddleware((to, from) => {
  // Runs on every route change
  console.log('Navigating from', from.path, 'to', to.path)

  // Track page view
  if (import.meta.client) {
    window.gtag('event', 'page_view', {
      page_path: to.path
    })
  }
})

SEO & Meta Tags

useHead

<script setup lang="ts">
useHead({
  title: 'My Page Title',
  meta: [
    { name: 'description', content: 'Page description' },
    { property: 'og:title', content: 'My Page Title' },
    { property: 'og:description', content: 'Page description' },
    { property: 'og:image', content: 'https://example.com/og-image.jpg' }
  ],
  link: [
    { rel: 'canonical', href: 'https://example.com/my-page' }
  ]
})
</script>

useSeoMeta (Recommended)

Better for SEO tags with type safety:

<script setup lang="ts">
useSeoMeta({
  title: 'My Page Title',
  description: 'Page description',
  ogTitle: 'My Page Title',
  ogDescription: 'Page description',
  ogImage: 'https://example.com/og-image.jpg',
  twitterCard: 'summary_large_image'
})
</script>

Dynamic Meta Tags

<script setup lang="ts">
const route = useRoute()
const { data: post } = await useFetch(`/api/posts/${route.params.slug}`)

useSeoMeta({
  title: post.value?.title,
  description: post.value?.excerpt,
  ogTitle: post.value?.title,
  ogDescription: post.value?.excerpt,
  ogImage: post.value?.image,
  ogUrl: `https://example.com/blog/${post.value?.slug}`,
  twitterCard: 'summary_large_image'
})
</script>

Title Template

// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
  app: {
    head: {
      titleTemplate: '%s | My App'  // "Page Title | My App"
    }
  }
})

State Management

useState (Built-in)

For simple shared state:

// composables/useCart.ts
export const useCart = () => {
  const items = useState('cart-items', () => [])
  const total = computed(() =>
    items.value.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price * item.quantity, 0)
  )

  const addItem = (product) => {
    const existing = items.value.find(i => i.id === product.id)

    if (existing) {
      existing.quantity++
    } else {
      items.value.push({ ...product, quantity: 1 })
    }
  }

  const removeItem = (id) => {
    items.value = items.value.filter(i => i.id !== id)
  }

  return { items, total, addItem, removeItem }
}

Pinia (For Complex State)

bun add pinia @pinia/nuxt

// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
  modules: ['@pinia/nuxt']
})

// stores/auth.ts
import { defineStore } from 'pinia'

export const useAuthStore = defineStore('auth', {
  state: () => ({
    user: null as User | null,
    isAuthenticated: false
  }),

  getters: {
    userName: (state) => state.user?.name ?? 'Guest'
  },

  actions: {
    async login(email: string, password: string) {
      const { data } = await $fetch('/api/auth/login', {
        method: 'POST',
        body: { email, password }
      })

      this.user = data.user
      this.isAuthenticated = true
    },

    logout() {
      this.user = null
      this.isAuthenticated = false
    }
  }
})

Error Handling

Error Page

<!-- app/error.vue -->
<script setup lang="ts">
const props = defineProps({
  error: Object
})

const handleError = () => {
  clearError({ redirect: '/' })
}
</script>

<template>
  <div>
    <h1>{{ error.statusCode }}</h1>
    <p>{{ error.message }}</p>
    <button @click="handleError">Go Home</button>
  </div>
</template>

Error Boundaries

<script setup lang="ts">
const error = ref(null)

const handleError = (err) => {
  console.error('Component error:', err)
  error.value = err
}
</script>

<template>
  <NuxtErrorBoundary @error="handleError">
    <template #error="{ error, clearError }">
      <div>
        <h2>Something went wrong</h2>
        <p>{{ error }}</p>
        <button @click="clearError">Try again</button>
      </div>
    </template>

    <!-- Your component content -->
    <MyComponent />
  </NuxtErrorBoundary>
</template>

API Error Handling

const { data, error, status } = await useFetch('/api/users')

if (error.value) {
  showError({
    statusCode: error.value.statusCode,
    message: error.value.message,
    fatal: true  // Stops rendering
  })
}

Hydration Best Practices

Top Causes of "Hydration Mismatch" Errors:

1. Non-deterministic values: Math.random(), Date.now() → Use useState instead
2. Browser APIs on server: window, localStorage, document → Guard with onMounted() or import.meta.client
3. ClientOnly: Wrap client-only components in <ClientOnly> component

Quick Fix:

<!-- ❌ Wrong -->
<script setup>
const id = Math.random()
</script>

<!-- ✅ Right -->
<script setup>
const id = useState('id', () => Math.random())
</script>

For comprehensive hydration debugging including all causes, ClientOnly patterns, and fix strategies, load references/hydration.md.

Performance Optimization

Key Strategies:

• Lazy Loading: defineAsyncComponent(() => import('~/components/Heavy.vue'))
• Lazy Hydration: <Component lazy-hydrate="visible|interaction|idle" />
• Image Optimization: <NuxtImg> and <NuxtPicture> for automatic optimization
• Route Caching: Configure routeRules in nuxt.config.ts for SWR, ISR, prerendering

Quick Example:

// nuxt.config.ts - Route rules
routeRules: {
  '/': { swr: 3600 },              // Cache 1 hour
  '/about': { prerender: true },    // Pre-render at build
  '/dashboard/**': { ssr: false }   // SPA mode
}

For comprehensive optimization including bundle analysis, Core Web Vitals, lazy hydration patterns, and caching strategies, load references/performance.md.

Testing with Vitest

Setup:

bun add -d @nuxt/test-utils vitest @vue/test-utils happy-dom

Key Features:

• mountSuspended() for component testing with Nuxt context
• @nuxt/test-utils/config for Vitest configuration
• Mock Nuxt composables (useFetch, useRoute, etc.)

For complete testing patterns including component tests, composable tests, server route tests, and mocking strategies, load references/testing-vitest.md.

Deployment to Cloudflare

Quick Deploy Commands:

# Cloudflare Pages (Recommended)
npm run build
bunx wrangler pages deploy .output/public

# Cloudflare Workers
npm run build
bunx wrangler deploy

Automatic Deployment: Push to GitHub → Connect Cloudflare Pages → Auto-detected and built

NuxtHub: bun add @nuxthub/core for simplified D1, KV, R2, and Cache API integration.

For comprehensive Cloudflare deployment including wrangler.toml configuration, bindings setup (D1, KV, R2), NuxtHub integration patterns, and environment variables, load references/deployment-cloudflare.md.

Common Anti-Patterns

❌ 1. Using ref Instead of useState for Shared State

// ❌ Wrong
export const useAuth = () => {
  const user = ref(null)  // New instance every time!
  return { user }
}

// ✅ Right
export const useAuth = () => {
  const user = useState('auth-user', () => null)
  return { user }
}

❌ 2. Missing SSR Guards for Browser APIs

// ❌ Wrong
const width = window.innerWidth

// ✅ Right
const width = ref(0)
onMounted(() => {
  width.value = window.innerWidth
})

❌ 3. Non-Deterministic Transform Functions

// ❌ Wrong
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/users', {
  transform: (users) => users.sort(() => Math.random() - 0.5)
})

// ✅ Right
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/users', {
  transform: (users) => users.sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name))
})

❌ 4. Missing Error Handling in Data Fetching

// ❌ Wrong
const { data } = await useFetch('/api/users')
console.log(data.value.length)  // Crashes if error!

// ✅ Right
const { data, error } = await useFetch('/api/users')

if (error.value) {
  showToast({ type: 'error', message: error.value.message })
  return
}

console.log(data.value.length)

❌ 5. Accessing process.env Instead of Runtime Config

// ❌ Wrong
const apiUrl = process.env.API_URL  // Won't work in production!

// ✅ Right
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
const apiUrl = config.public.apiBase

Additional Common Mistakes:

• Not using auto-imports (Vue composables, Nuxt utils are auto-imported)
• Missing method suffix in server route file names (users.get.ts, not users.ts)
• Missing TypeScript types in useFetch<T>() calls
• Blocking plugins (use parallel: true option for heavy operations)
• Non-deterministic rendering causing hydration mismatches

Troubleshooting Guide

Quick Fixes for Common Issues:

1. Hydration Mismatch: Check for browser APIs without guards (window, localStorage), non-deterministic values (Math.random(), Date.now()), or wrap in <ClientOnly>

2. Data Not Refreshing: Ensure params are reactive: useFetch('/api/users', { query: { page } }) where page = ref(1)

3. TypeScript/Build Errors: Clear cache and regenerate: rm -rf .nuxt .output node_modules/.vite && bun install && npm run dev

Note: Server route 404s usually mean missing .get.ts/.post.ts suffix or wrong directory (server/api/ not app/api/)

Related Skills

• nuxt-ui-v4: Nuxt UI component library (52 components, theming, design system)
• cloudflare-d1: D1 database patterns with Drizzle ORM
• cloudflare-kv: KV storage patterns
• cloudflare-r2: R2 object storage
• cloudflare-workers-ai: Workers AI integration
• better-auth: Authentication with Better Auth

Templates Available

See the templates/ directory for:

• Production-ready nuxt.config.ts
• Authentication flow (login, register, middleware)
• Blog with API routes (CRUD operations)
• E-commerce patterns (products, cart)
• Cloudflare Workers setup with bindings
• Vitest test examples
• Component examples

References

• references/composables.md - Advanced composable patterns
• references/data-fetching.md - Complete data fetching guide
• references/server.md - Server route patterns
• references/hydration.md - SSR hydration best practices
• references/performance.md - Performance optimization strategies
• references/deployment-cloudflare.md - Comprehensive Cloudflare deployment guide
• references/testing-vitest.md - Vitest testing patterns

Token Savings

Without this skill: 25,000 tokens (reading docs + trial-and-error) With this skill: ~7,000 tokens (targeted guidance) Savings: ~72% (18,000 tokens)

Errors Prevented

This skill helps prevent 20+ common errors:

1. Using ref instead of useState for shared state
2. Missing SSR guards for browser APIs
3. Non-deterministic transform functions
4. Missing error handling in data fetching
5. Incorrect server route file naming
6. Missing process.client checks
7. Hydration mismatches from Date/Math.random()
8. Accessing process.env instead of runtimeConfig
9. Not using auto-imports properly
10. Missing TypeScript types
11. Incorrect middleware patterns
12. Plugin performance issues
13. Cache invalidation problems
14. Missing key in useAsyncData
15. Incorrect server error handling
16. Missing route validation
17. Improper cookie handling
18. Memory leaks in composables
19. Incorrect lazy loading patterns
20. Bundle size issues from improper imports

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Version: 1.0.0 | Last Updated: 2025-11-28 | License: MIT