GitHub Actions Operations

Guide for systematic review, debugging, and optimization of GitHub Actions across repositories.

When to Use This Skill

• Reviewing open PRs that involve workflow changes
• Debugging failed GitHub Actions runs
• Auditing workflow efficiency and reasonableness
• Making decisions about action selection (reliable vs fancy, self-hosted vs third-party)
• Standardizing workflows across repositories

Review Priorities

When reviewing workflows and actions, follow these priorities in order:

Priority 1: Working (Not Just Passing)

Ensure all GitHub Actions are actually working, not just passing by luck or skipping.

Check for:

• Jobs that pass because they have no assertions
• Conditional steps that always skip (if: false effectively)
• Error handling that swallows failures
• continue-on-error: true hiding real issues
• Empty test suites that "pass"

# Check if a workflow has meaningful steps
gh run view <run-id> --log | grep -E "(Run|Error|Warning|PASS|FAIL)"

Priority 2: Reasonable Workflows

Ensure workflows trigger appropriately and don't waste resources.

Anti-patterns to fix:

Anti-pattern	Problem	Solution
Fuzzing on every push	Expensive, slow	Schedule or manual trigger
Full rebuild for doc changes	Wasteful	Use path filters
No concurrency control	Redundant runs	Add concurrency:
Matrix without need	Slow CI	Use matrix only when testing compatibility

Path filtering template:

on:
  push:
    paths:
      - 'src/**'
      - 'Cargo.toml'
      - '.github/workflows/ci.yml'
    paths-ignore:
      - '**.md'
      - 'docs/**'
      - '.gitignore'

Concurrency template:

concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' }}

Priority 3: Passing

All GitHub Actions should pass. Debug failures systematically.

See: debugging.md

Priority 4: Reliable > Fancy

Prefer proven, reliable actions over feature-rich alternatives.

When choosing reliable over fancy:

1. Use the reliable action
2. Create tracking issue in arustydev/gha for review

gh issue create --repo arustydev/gha \
  --title "[REVIEW] Evaluate <fancy-action> vs <reliable-action>" \
  --body "## Context
Chose \`<reliable-action>\` over \`<fancy-action>\` for <reason>.

## Fancy Action
- **Name:** \`<owner>/<fancy-action>\`
- **Features:** <list features>
- **Concerns:** <why not chosen>

## Reliable Action
- **Name:** \`<owner>/<reliable-action>\`
- **Why chosen:** <stability, maintenance, simplicity>

## Used In
- \`<repo-name>\` - \`<workflow-file>\`

## Review Request
Evaluate if fancy action is worth adopting once:
- [ ] It has more stability/adoption
- [ ] We need its features
- [ ] It's been maintained for 6+ months"

Priority 5: Reliable > Self-Hosted (New Development)

For NEW action development, prefer third-party reliable actions over building in arustydev/gha.

When using third-party over building self-hosted:

1. Use the third-party action
2. Create tracking issue in arustydev/gha for future consideration

gh issue create --repo arustydev/gha \
  --title "[CONSIDER] Build alternative to <action>" \
  --body "## Context
Using third-party \`<owner>/<action>\` instead of building custom.

## Third-Party Action
- **Name:** \`<owner>/<action>@<version>\`
- **Purpose:** <what it does>
- **Why chosen:** <reliability, features, maintenance>

## Evaluated Alternatives
| Action | Pros | Cons |
|--------|------|------|
| <action1> | ... | ... |
| <action2> | ... | ... |

## Used In
- \`<repo-name>\` - \`<workflow-file>\`

## Future Consideration
Build custom version if:
- [ ] Third-party becomes unmaintained
- [ ] We need custom features not supported
- [ ] Security/audit requirements demand it"

Priority 6: Standardization

Use consistent patterns across all repositories.

Standard workflow patterns:

Workflow	Trigger	Purpose
ci.yml	push, pull_request	Build, test, lint
release.yml	release published	Publish artifacts
dependabot.yml	schedule	Dependency updates
auto-assign.yml	issues, PRs opened	Assign to owner

Systematic Review Workflow

Phase 0: Fork Detection

Before reviewing, check if the repository is a fork:

# Check if repo is a fork
gh repo view --json isFork,parent -q '{fork: .isFork, parent: .parent.nameWithOwner}'

If forked, identify upstream-specific patterns:

Pattern	Detection	Common Issues
External deploy target	external_repository: in workflow	Deploys to upstream's gh-pages
Deploy keys	secrets.DEPLOY_KEY	Secret doesn't exist in fork
Hardcoded org	google/timesketch in workflow	Wrong target org
Upstream branches	branches: [main] when fork uses master	Branch mismatch
Upstream composite actions	uses: <upstream>/.github/actions/	Action path doesn't exist in fork
Hardcoded Docker namespace	docker.*<upstream-org>/	Pushes to wrong Docker Hub namespace
External registries	hub.infinyon.cloud or similar	Upstream-specific package registry
Upstream secrets	secrets.ORG_* or secrets.DOCKER_*	Organization secrets not available

# Comprehensive fork detection
grep -rE "external_repository:|DEPLOY_KEY|\.github/actions/" .github/workflows/
grep -rE "secrets\.(ORG_|DOCKER_|SLACK_|AWS_)" .github/workflows/
grep -rE "https?://[a-z-]+\.[a-z]+\.(cloud|io)/" .github/workflows/ | grep -v github

Fork handling options:

1. Disable - Rename to .yml.disabled (recommended for deploy workflows)
2. Adapt - Modify to work with your fork
3. Remove - Delete if not needed
4. Keep - Leave as-is if it will work (rare)

# Disable a workflow
mv .github/workflows/deploy.yml .github/workflows/deploy.yml.disabled

# Find upstream-specific patterns
grep -r "external_repository\|DEPLOY_KEY\|google/" .github/workflows/

Phase 0.5: Complexity Assessment

Before diving into fixes, assess the scope of work:

# Count workflows and total lines
echo "=== Workflow Complexity ==="
ls -1 .github/workflows/*.yml 2>/dev/null | wc -l | xargs echo "Workflow count:"
wc -l .github/workflows/*.yml 2>/dev/null | tail -1 | awk '{print "Total lines:", $1}'

# Count action dependencies
echo "=== Action Dependencies ==="
grep -h "uses:" .github/workflows/*.yml 2>/dev/null | wc -l | xargs echo "Action references:"
grep -h "uses:" .github/workflows/*.yml 2>/dev/null | grep -oE '[^/]+/[^@]+' | sort -u | wc -l | xargs echo "Unique actions:"

# Count job dependencies (complexity indicator)
echo "=== Job Dependencies ==="
grep -c "needs:" .github/workflows/*.yml 2>/dev/null | awk -F: '{sum+=$2} END {print "Total needs: clauses:", sum}'

# Matrix sprawl check
echo "=== Matrix Size ==="
grep -A20 "matrix:" .github/workflows/*.yml 2>/dev/null | grep -E "^\s+-\s" | wc -l | xargs echo "Matrix entries:"

Complexity tiers:

Tier	Workflows	Lines	Approach
Simple	1-5	<500	Fix all in one PR
Medium	6-10	500-1500	Fix by priority, 1-2 PRs
Complex	11+	1500+	Incremental fixes, multiple PRs
Massive	15+	3000+	Consider disable-first strategy

If complexity is High/Massive:

1. Start with disabling non-essential workflows
2. Focus on Priority 2 fixes (concurrency, path filters) first
3. Address failures incrementally
4. Document known limitations that won't be fixed

Phase 1: Gather Information

# List all open PRs across your repos
gh search prs --author aRustyDev --state open --limit 100

# List failed workflow runs
gh run list --repo <owner>/<repo> --status failure --limit 20

# Get workflow files for a repo
gh api repos/<owner>/<repo>/contents/.github/workflows | jq -r '.[].name'

Phase 2: Categorize Issues

For each PR/failure, categorize:

1. Workflow broken - Action itself has bugs
2. Workflow inefficient - Runs unnecessarily
3. Test failure - Code issue, not workflow
4. Permission issue - Token/access problems
5. Environment issue - Runner/dependency problems
6. Flaky test - Intermittent failures

Phase 3: Fix by Category

Category	Action
Workflow broken	Fix workflow, update action versions
Workflow inefficient	Add path filters, concurrency
Test failure	Fix code, not workflow
Permission issue	Adjust permissions block
Environment issue	Pin versions, add setup steps
Flaky test	Add retry or fix root cause

Phase 4: Track Decisions

For every non-trivial decision, create appropriate tracking:

• Chose reliable over fancy → Issue in arustydev/gha
• Chose third-party over self-hosted → Issue in arustydev/gha
• Found bug in action → Issue in action's repo
• Need new action → Issue in arustydev/gha

Phase 5: Validate Before Committing

Before committing workflow changes, validate them:

# 1. Check YAML syntax and common issues
actionlint .github/workflows/*.yml

# 2. Verify action versions exist
for action in $(grep -h "uses:" .github/workflows/*.yml | grep -oE '[^/]+/[^@]+@v[0-9]+' | sort -u); do
  repo=$(echo "$action" | cut -d@ -f1)
  version=$(echo "$action" | cut -d@ -f2)
  echo -n "$action: "
  gh api "repos/$repo/git/refs/tags/$version" --silent && echo "OK" || echo "NOT FOUND"
done

# 3. Check for deprecated actions
grep -r "actions-rs/\|set-output\|save-state" .github/workflows/ && echo "WARNING: Deprecated patterns found"

Common validation failures:

Error	Cause	Fix
action version not found	Invalid version (v6 doesn't exist)	Check action-selection.md for valid versions
set-output is deprecated	Old output syntax	Use echo "name=value" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
save-state is deprecated	Old state syntax	Use echo "name=value" >> $GITHUB_STATE

Phase 6: Partial Fixes and Known Limitations

Not every issue can or should be fully fixed. Know when to stop.

When to accept a partial fix:

Situation	Action
Fixing requires rewriting >50% of workflow	Disable or document limitation
Need to create custom actions for fork	Document as future work
External service dependencies can't be removed	Disable affected jobs/workflows
Upstream architecture tightly coupled	Accept reduced CI coverage

Documenting known limitations:

When creating a PR with partial fixes, include a "Known Limitations" section:

### Known Limitations

The following issues remain after this fix:

| Issue | Reason | Impact |
|-------|--------|--------|
| `cli_smoke` job fails | Uses upstream's Infinyon Hub | Integration tests don't run |
| Docker builds use wrong namespace | Would require forking build scripts | Images not pushed |

These would require significant refactoring to address.

When to ask the user:

If any of these apply, use AskUserQuestion before proceeding:

• Complete fix requires >2 hours of refactoring
• Fix would change core project behavior
• Multiple equally valid approaches exist
• Fork has diverged significantly from upstream

Incremental progress strategy:

For complex repositories, prefer multiple small PRs:

PR 1: Disable non-essential workflows (quick win)
   ↓
PR 2: Add concurrency blocks to remaining workflows
   ↓
PR 3: Fix path filters and triggers
   ↓
PR 4: Address specific test failures
   ↓
(Optional) PR 5: Deep refactoring if needed

Each PR should be independently mergeable and improve the situation.

Quick Commands

View failed runs

gh run list --status failure --limit 10

Get logs for failed run

gh run view <run-id> --log-failed

Re-run failed jobs

gh run rerun <run-id> --failed

List PRs needing review

gh pr list --search "is:open draft:false review:required"

Check workflow syntax

actionlint .github/workflows/*.yml

List all workflows in org

for repo in $(gh repo list aRustyDev --limit 100 --json name -q '.[].name'); do
  echo "=== $repo ==="
  gh api "repos/aRustyDev/$repo/contents/.github/workflows" 2>/dev/null | jq -r '.[].name' || echo "No workflows"
done

See Also

• Reference: debugging.md - Detailed debugging guide
• Reference: action-selection.md - Action selection criteria
• Reference: issue-templates.md - Issue templates for tracking
• Reference: multi-repo.md - Multi-repository batch review