Test-Driven Development

TDD is the fundamental practice. Every line of production code must be written in response to a failing test.

For how to write good tests, load the testing skill. This skill focuses on the TDD workflow/process.

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RED-GREEN-REFACTOR Cycle

RED: Write Failing Test First

• NO production code until you have a failing test
• Test describes desired behavior, not implementation
• Test should fail for the right reason

GREEN: Minimum Code to Pass

• Write ONLY enough code to make the test pass
• Resist adding functionality not demanded by a test
• Commit immediately after green

REFACTOR: Assess Improvements

• Assess AFTER every green (but only refactor if it adds value)
• Commit before refactoring
• All tests must pass after refactoring

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TDD Evidence in Commit History

Default Expectation

Commit history should show clear RED → GREEN → REFACTOR progression.

Ideal progression:

commit abc123: test: add failing test for user authentication
commit def456: feat: implement user authentication to pass test
commit ghi789: refactor: extract validation logic for clarity

Rare Exceptions

TDD evidence may not be linearly visible in commits in these cases:

1. Multi-Session Work

• Feature spans multiple development sessions
• Work done with TDD in each session
• Commits organized for PR clarity rather than strict TDD phases
• Evidence: Tests exist, all passing, implementation matches test requirements

2. Context Continuation

• Resuming from previous work
• Original RED phase done in previous session/commit
• Current work continues from that point
• Evidence: Reference to RED commit in PR description

3. Refactoring Commits

• Large refactors after GREEN
• Multiple small refactors combined into single commit
• All tests remained green throughout
• Evidence: Commit message notes "refactor only, no behavior change"

Documenting Exceptions in PRs

When exception applies, document in PR description:

## TDD Evidence

RED phase: commit c925187 (added failing tests for shopping cart)
GREEN phase: commits 5e0055b, 9a246d0 (implementation + bug fixes)
REFACTOR: commit 11dbd1a (test isolation improvements)

Test Evidence:
✅ 4/4 tests passing (7.7s with 4 workers)

Important: Exception is for EVIDENCE presentation, not TDD practice. TDD process must still be followed - these are cases where commit history doesn't perfectly reflect the process that was actually followed.

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Coverage Verification - CRITICAL

NEVER Trust Coverage Claims Without Verification

Always run coverage yourself before approving PRs.

Verification Process

Before approving any PR claiming "100% coverage":

1. Check out the branch

   git checkout feature-branch
   

2. Run coverage verification:

   cd packages/core
   pnpm test:coverage
   # OR
   pnpm exec vitest run --coverage
   

3. Verify ALL metrics hit 100%:

   • Lines: 100% ✅
   • Statements: 100% ✅
   • Branches: 100% ✅
   • Functions: 100% ✅

4. Check that tests are behavior-driven (not testing implementation details)

For anti-patterns that create fake coverage (coverage theater), see the testing skill.

Reading Coverage Output

Look for the "All files" line in coverage summary:

File           | % Stmts | % Branch | % Funcs | % Lines | Uncovered Line #s
---------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|-------------------
All files      |     100 |      100 |     100 |     100 |
setup.ts       |     100 |      100 |     100 |     100 |
context.ts     |     100 |      100 |     100 |     100 |
endpoints.ts   |     100 |      100 |     100 |     100 |

✅ This is 100% coverage - all four metrics at 100%.

Red Flags

Watch for these signs of incomplete coverage:

❌ PR claims "100% coverage" but you haven't verified

• Never trust claims without running coverage yourself

❌ Coverage summary shows <100% on any metric

All files      |   97.11 |    93.97 |   81.81 |   97.11 |

• This is NOT 100% coverage (Functions: 81.81%, Lines: 97.11%)

❌ "Uncovered Line #s" column shows line numbers

setup.ts       |   95.23 |      100 |      60 |   95.23 | 45-48, 52-55

• Lines 45-48 and 52-55 are not covered

❌ Coverage gaps without explicit exception documentation

• If coverage <100%, exception should be documented (see Exception Process below)

When Coverage Drops, Ask

"What business behavior am I not testing?"

NOT "What line am I missing?"

Add tests for behavior, and coverage follows naturally.

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100% Coverage Exception Process

Default Rule: 100% Coverage Required

No exceptions without explicit approval and documentation.

Requesting an Exception

If 100% coverage cannot be achieved:

Step 1: Document in package README

Explain:

• Current coverage metrics
• WHY 100% cannot be achieved in this package
• WHERE the missing coverage will come from (integration tests, E2E, etc.)

Step 2: Get explicit approval

From project maintainer or team lead

Step 3: Document in CLAUDE.md

Under "Test Coverage: 100% Required" section, list the exception

Example Exception:

## Current Exceptions

- **Next.js Adapter**: 86% function coverage
  - Documented in `/packages/nextjs-adapter/README.md`
  - Missing coverage from SSR functions (tested in E2E layer)
  - Approved: 2024-11-15

Remember

The burden of proof is on the requester. 100% is the default expectation.

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Development Workflow

Adding a New Feature

1. Write failing test - describe expected behavior
2. Run test - confirm it fails (pnpm test:watch)
3. Implement minimum - just enough to pass
4. Run test - confirm it passes
5. Refactor if valuable - improve code structure
6. Commit - with conventional commit message

Workflow Example

# 1. Write failing test
it('should reject empty user names', () => {
  const result = createUser({ id: 'user-123', name: '' });
  expect(result.success).toBe(false);
}); # ❌ Test fails (no implementation)

# 2. Implement minimum code
if (user.name === '') {
  return { success: false, error: 'Name required' };
} # ✅ Test passes

# 3. Refactor if needed (extract validation, improve naming)

# 4. Commit
git add .
git commit -m "feat: reject empty user names"

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Commit Messages

Use conventional commits format:

feat: add user role-based permissions
fix: correct email validation regex
refactor: extract user validation logic
test: add edge cases for permission checks
docs: update architecture documentation

Format:

• feat: - New feature
• fix: - Bug fix
• refactor: - Code change that neither fixes bug nor adds feature
• test: - Adding or updating tests
• docs: - Documentation changes

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Pull Request Requirements

Before submitting PR:

• All tests must pass
• All linting and type checks must pass
• Coverage verification REQUIRED - claims must be verified before review/approval
• PRs focused on single feature or fix
• Include behavior description (not implementation details)

Example PR Description:

## Summary

Adds support for user role-based permissions with configurable access levels.

## Behavior Changes

- Users can now have multiple roles with fine-grained permissions
- Permission check via `hasPermission(user, resource, action)`
- Default role assigned if not specified

## Test Evidence

✅ 42/42 tests passing
✅ 100% coverage verified (see coverage report)

## TDD Evidence

RED: commit 4a3b2c1 (failing tests for permission system)
GREEN: commit 5d4e3f2 (implementation)
REFACTOR: commit 6e5f4a3 (extract permission resolution logic)

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Refactoring Priority

After green, classify any issues:

Priority	Action	Examples
Critical	Fix now	Mutations, knowledge duplication, >3 levels nesting
High	This session	Magic numbers, unclear names, >30 line functions
Nice	Later	Minor naming, single-use helpers
Skip	Don't change	Already clean code

For detailed refactoring methodology, load the refactoring skill.

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Anti-Patterns to Avoid

• ❌ Writing production code without failing test
• ❌ Testing implementation details (spies on internal methods)
• ❌ 1:1 mapping between test files and implementation files
• ❌ Using let/beforeEach for test data
• ❌ Trusting coverage claims without verification
• ❌ Mocking the function being tested
• ❌ Redefining schemas in test files
• ❌ Factories returning partial/incomplete objects
• ❌ Speculative code ("just in case" logic without tests)

For detailed testing anti-patterns, load the testing skill.

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Summary Checklist

Before marking work complete:

• Every production code line has a failing test that demanded it
• Commit history shows TDD evidence (or documented exception)
• All tests pass
• Coverage verified at 100% (or exception documented)
• Test factories used (no let/beforeEach)
• Tests verify behavior (not implementation details)
• Refactoring assessed and applied if valuable
• Conventional commit messages used