The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

Python Projects Workflow

Guidelines for working with Python projects across different package managers, code styles, and architectural patterns using modern tooling (uv, Python 3.9+).

Tool Grid

Task	Tool	Command
Lint	Ruff	uv run ruff check . --fix
Format	Ruff	uv run ruff format .
Type check	Mypy	uv run mypy src/
Type check	Pyright	uv run pyright
Security	Bandit	uv run bandit -r src/
Dead code	Vulture	uv run vulture src/
Coverage	pytest-cov	uv run pytest --cov=src
Complexity	Radon	uv run radon cc src/ -a

CRITICAL: Virtual Environment Best Practices

MUST NOT reference .venv paths manually (e.g., .venv/Scripts/python.exe or ../../../.venv/) - causes cross-platform issues and breaks on structure changes.

MUST use uv run python in uv-based projects (auto-finds venv, works cross-platform, no activation needed):

# BAD: ../../../.venv/Scripts/python.exe script.py
# GOOD: uv run python script.py

uv run python -m module.cli

Prefer shared root .venv unless isolation required (saves ~7GB per environment).

Tooling and Package Management

UV Package Manager (Preferred)

• Use uv exclusively for modern Python projects
• Installation commands:
  • Production: uv add <package>
  • Development: uv add --dev <package>
  • Optional groups: uv add --group <group-name> <package> (e.g., notebook, docs)
• Execution: uv run python script.py or uv run pytest
• MUST NOT call python/pytest directly - MUST use uv run
• MUST use uv run python in uv-based projects
• Run uv sync before executing code in new projects

Alternative: Traditional Tools

• If not using uv, use pip with requirements files
• Maintain requirements.txt and requirements-dev.txt
• Use virtual environments (.venv) and activate before operations

General Package Management

• Respect the project's chosen package manager (uv, pip, poetry, pipenv)
• Check pyproject.toml for project configuration
• MUST NOT mix package managers in the same project

Python Module CLI Syntax

Use -m flag when running modules as CLIs (tells Python to run module as script, not file):

# GOOD: uv run python -m module.cli
# BAD: uv run python module.cli  # fails - treats as file path

Code Style and Formatting

PEP 8 Compliance

• Follow PEP 8 style guide
• Line length: 88 characters (Ruff/Black standard)
• Indentation: 4 spaces per level
• Two blank lines before top-level function/class definitions
• One blank line between methods in a class

Automated Formatters

• Ruff - Primary tool for linting AND formatting (replaces Black, isort, flake8)
  • Linting: uv run ruff check . --fix
  • Formatting: uv run ruff format .
• Configure in pyproject.toml under [tool.ruff]
• Use ruff.toml for standalone configuration

Style Guidelines

• Follow project's existing style (check pyproject.toml, .editorconfig)
• Default to PEP 8 if no project style defined
• Use type hints when writing new Python code
• Prefer f-strings over .format() or % formatting

Configuration Files

Check these files for style preferences:

• pyproject.toml - Modern Python project configuration
• ruff.toml - Ruff-specific configuration
• .editorconfig - Editor-agnostic style settings

Example Formatting

from typing import Any

import pandas as pd
from pydantic import BaseModel


class DataModel(BaseModel):
    """Example data model with proper spacing."""

    field_one: str
    field_two: int


def process_data(input_data: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> pd.DataFrame:
    """
    Process input data and return DataFrame.

    Args:
        input_data: List of dictionaries containing raw data

    Returns:
        Processed pandas DataFrame
    """
    return pd.DataFrame(input_data)

Type Safety and Annotations

Type Hints

• Strong type hints for all parameters and return values
• Use modern generic types: list[str], dict[str, Any] (Python 3.9+)
• For older Python: from typing import List, Dict
• Use typing module for complex types: Union, Optional, Literal, Protocol

Data Validation

• Use Pydantic for data validation and serialization
• Use dataclasses for simple data containers when Pydantic is overkill
• Use attrs for enhanced dataclasses if preferred

Example Type Usage

from typing import Any, Protocol
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Repository(Protocol):
    """Protocol defining repository interface."""

    def get(self, id: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
        ...


class User(BaseModel):
    """User model with validation."""

    username: str
    email: str
    age: int | None = None


def fetch_user(repo: Repository, user_id: str) -> User | None:
    """Fetch user from repository with type safety."""
    data = repo.get(user_id)
    return User(**data) if data else None

Naming Conventions

Standard Conventions

• Class names: PascalCase (UserService, DatabaseConnection)
• Function/variable names: snake_case (get_user_data, connection_pool)
• Constants: UPPER_SNAKE_CASE (MAX_RETRIES, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
• Private methods/variables: Leading underscore (_internal_method, _cache)

Critical: Avoid Test Name Conflicts

• MUST NOT name classes with "Test" prefix unless they are actual pytest test classes
• Use descriptive names: MockComponent, HelperClass, UtilityFunction instead of TestComponent
• Pytest collects classes starting with "Test" as test classes, causing confusion

File Naming

• Python files SHOULD be snake_case version of the primary class
• Examples:
  • DNSRecordHandler → dns_record_handler.py
  • ComponentFactory → component_factory.py
• For modules with multiple classes or functional code, name for the module's purpose

Documentation and Comments

Docstrings (PEP 257)

• Provide docstrings for all public modules, classes, and functions
• Use triple quotes: """Docstring text."""
• First line: brief summary (ends with period)
• Detailed description after blank line if needed
• Document parameters, return values, and exceptions

Comment Philosophy

• Comment to explain WHY, not WHAT
• Prefer clear names and structure over comments
• Use comments for complex business logic, algorithms, and non-obvious decisions
• Avoid obvious, redundant, or outdated comments

Example Documentation

def calculate_compound_interest(
    principal: float,
    rate: float,
    time: int,
    compound_frequency: int = 1
) -> float:
    """
    Calculate compound interest using the standard formula.

    Args:
        principal: Initial amount invested
        rate: Annual interest rate as decimal (e.g., 0.05 for 5%)
        time: Time period in years
        compound_frequency: Times per year interest compounds (default: 1)

    Returns:
        Final amount after compound interest

    Raises:
        ValueError: If principal, rate, or time is negative
    """
    if principal < 0 or rate < 0 or time < 0:
        raise ValueError("Values must be non-negative")

    # Using compound interest formula: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
    return principal * (1 + rate / compound_frequency) ** (compound_frequency * time)

Error Handling

Exception Best Practices

• Use specific exception types (ValueError, KeyError) over generic Exception
• Provide meaningful error messages that help debugging
• Use Python's logging module with structured logging
• Handle edge cases explicitly (empty inputs, None values, invalid types)
• CRITICAL: MUST NOT remove public methods for lint fixes - preserve API stability

Example Error Handling

import logging

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def process_user_data(user_id: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """
    Process user data with proper error handling.

    Args:
        user_id: Unique user identifier

    Returns:
        Processed user data dictionary

    Raises:
        ValueError: If user_id is empty or invalid format
        UserNotFoundError: If user doesn't exist
    """
    if not user_id or not user_id.strip():
        raise ValueError("user_id cannot be empty")

    try:
        user = fetch_user(user_id)
        if user is None:
            raise UserNotFoundError(f"User {user_id} not found")
        return process(user)
    except DatabaseError as e:
        logger.error(f"Database error processing user {user_id}: {e}")
        raise

Project Structure

Package Organization

• Include __init__.py in all packages
• Use __init__.py to control package exports
• Structure DTOs and handlers logically
• Separate concerns: models, services, repositories, controllers

Recommended Directory Structure

project/
├── src/
│   └── app/
│       ├── __init__.py          # Export main app components
│       ├── core/                # Core business logic
│       │   ├── __init__.py
│       │   ├── commands.py      # Command DTOs
│       │   └── queries.py       # Query DTOs
│       ├── services/            # Business services
│       │   ├── __init__.py
│       │   └── user_service.py
│       ├── repositories/        # Data access
│       │   ├── __init__.py
│       │   └── user_repository.py
│       ├── models/              # Data models
│       │   ├── __init__.py
│       │   └── user.py
│       └── handlers/            # Request handlers
│           ├── __init__.py
│           └── user_handler.py
├── tests/                       # Test files
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── unit/
│   ├── integration/
│   └── fixtures/
├── pyproject.toml               # Project configuration
└── README.md

Import Patterns

• Use relative imports within packages: from .models import User
• Use absolute imports from other packages: from app.services import UserService
• Avoid circular imports through careful module organization

Configuration Management

Environment Variables

• Use python-dotenv for development: load from .env files
• Use os.getenv() with sensible defaults
• Validate configuration at startup
• MUST NOT commit .env files to version control

Configuration Classes

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
import os


class AppConfig(BaseModel):
    """Application configuration with validation."""

    debug: bool = Field(default=False)
    database_url: str = Field(...)
    max_connections: int = Field(default=10, ge=1, le=100)

    @classmethod
    def from_env(cls) -> "AppConfig":
        """Load configuration from environment variables."""
        return cls(
            debug=os.getenv("DEBUG", "false").lower() == "true",
            database_url=os.getenv("DATABASE_URL", ""),
            max_connections=int(os.getenv("MAX_CONNECTIONS", "10"))
        )

File Management

Working with File Paths

• Use pathlib.Path for cross-platform path handling
• Avoid hardcoded paths; use os.path.expanduser('~/') for home directories
• MUST handle file encoding explicitly (UTF-8 default)
• Properly close files or use context managers (with statement)

Example File Operations

from pathlib import Path

# Read file
config_path = Path.home() / '.config' / 'app.json'
if config_path.exists():
    content = config_path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')

# Write file with context manager
output_path = Path('output.txt')
with output_path.open('w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write('content')

Testing and Quality

Testing Strategy

• Write tests for critical paths and public APIs
• Use pytest as the primary test framework
• Organize tests: tests/unit/, tests/integration/
• Test edge cases: empty inputs, None values, large datasets
• Use fixtures for reusable test setup
• Use pytest.mark for test categorization
• Maintain >80% code coverage for critical paths

Quality Tools

• Ruff - Linting and formatting (primary)
• pytest - Test framework
• pytest-cov - Code coverage measurement
• mypy/pyright - Static type checking
• bandit - Security scanning

Example Test with Fixtures

import pytest
from app.services import UserService


@pytest.fixture
def user_service():
    """Provide UserService instance for tests."""
    return UserService()


@pytest.fixture
def sample_user():
    """Provide sample user data."""
    return {"id": "user123", "name": "John Doe"}


def test_get_user_success(user_service):
    """Test successful user retrieval."""
    user = user_service.get_user("user123")
    assert user is not None
    assert user.id == "user123"


def test_get_user_not_found(user_service):
    """Test user not found raises appropriate exception."""
    with pytest.raises(UserNotFoundError):
        user_service.get_user("nonexistent")


def test_create_user(user_service, sample_user):
    """Test user creation with fixture data."""
    user = user_service.create_user(sample_user)
    assert user.name == "John Doe"

Special Patterns

Flask/FastAPI Applications

• Structure with app/ package using __init__.py exports
• Use blueprints/routers for route organization
• Implement health check endpoints (/health, /status)
• Use Pydantic for request/response models
• Disable debug mode in production
• Separate routes from business logic

Command/Query Patterns (CQRS)

• Separate Commands (write operations) and Queries (read operations)
• Use command/query buses for dispatch
• Define DTOs as dataclasses or Pydantic models
• Implement handlers separately from business logic
• Example structure:
  • core/commands.py - Command DTOs
  • core/queries.py - Query DTOs
  • handlers/command_handler.py - Command processing
  • handlers/query_handler.py - Query processing

Async/Await

• Use async def for I/O-bound operations
• Use await for async calls
• Use asyncio for concurrent operations
• Be aware of event loop management
• Example:

import asyncio

async def fetch_data(url: str) -> dict:
    """Fetch data asynchronously."""
    # Use aiohttp or similar for actual HTTP calls
    await asyncio.sleep(1)
    return {"status": "success"}

async def main():
    """Run multiple async operations concurrently."""
    results = await asyncio.gather(
        fetch_data("url1"),
        fetch_data("url2")
    )
    return results

Common Patterns

Project Structure Recognition

• pyproject.toml - Modern Python project (PEP 518)
• requirements.txt - Pip dependencies
• setup.py - Package definition (legacy or hybrid)
• Pipfile - Pipenv projects
• poetry.lock - Poetry projects
• uv.lock - UV projects

Testing Framework Detection

• Respect existing test framework (pytest, unittest, nose)
• Look for test configuration in pyproject.toml or pytest.ini
• Use project's test runner: uv run pytest, poetry run pytest, etc.

Out of Scope

• Django specifics → see django-workflow
• FastAPI specifics → see fastapi-workflow
• Flask specifics → see flask-workflow
• Database migrations → see database-workflow

Quick Reference

Package managers:

• UV: uv run, uv sync, uv add, uv add --dev
• Poetry: poetry run, poetry install, poetry add
• Pip: pip install, python -m pip

Key rules:

• MUST use uv run python (MUST NOT use manual .venv paths)
• MUST use -m flag for module CLIs
• MUST check pyproject.toml for config
• MUST use strong type hints for all parameters/returns
• MUST separate concerns: models, services, repositories
• SHOULD use Pydantic for validation
• SHOULD use pytest with fixtures
• MUST NOT mix package managers
• MUST NOT remove public methods for lint fixes
• MUST NOT name helper classes with "Test" prefix

---

Note: For project-specific Python patterns, check .claude/CLAUDE.md in the project directory.