The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

Ruby Projects Workflow

Tool Grid

Task	Tool	Command
Lint	StandardRB	bundle exec standardrb
Format	StandardRB	bundle exec standardrb --fix
Type check	Sorbet	bundle exec srb tc
Semantic	Reek	bundle exec reek
Dead code	debride	bundle exec debride .
Complexity	Flog	bundle exec flog lib/
Test	RSpec	bundle exec rspec
Test	Minitest	bundle exec rake test

---

Ruby Version

• Projects SHOULD target Ruby 3.x+
• .ruby-version file MUST be present in project root
• YJIT SHOULD be enabled in production (--yjit flag or RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1)

---

Ruby 3.x+ Features

Pattern Matching

Pattern matching SHOULD be used for complex conditionals:

# Preferred
case response
in { status: 200, body: }
  process(body)
in { status: 404 }
  handle_not_found
in { status: 500.. }
  handle_server_error
end

# Also valid for single patterns
response => { data: { users: } }

Data Class

Data.define SHOULD be used for immutable value objects (Ruby 3.2+):

# Preferred over Struct for immutable data
Point = Data.define(:x, :y) do
  def distance_from_origin
    Math.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
  end
end

point = Point.new(3, 4)
point.x = 5  # => FrozenError (immutable by default)

The it Keyword

The it keyword (Ruby 3.4+) SHOULD be used for single-parameter blocks:

# Preferred (Ruby 3.4+)
users.map { it.name.upcase }

# Also acceptable
users.map { _1.name.upcase }

# Legacy (still valid)
users.map { |user| user.name.upcase }

---

Bundler & Dependencies

Gemfile Rules

• Gemfile MUST be present for all projects
• Gemfile.lock MUST be committed to version control
• Gems SHOULD specify version constraints:

# Preferred - pessimistic version constraint
gem "rails", "~> 7.1"

# Acceptable - exact version for critical deps
gem "pg", "1.5.4"

# Avoid - no version constraint
gem "nokogiri"  # May break unexpectedly

Bundle Commands

Command	Use Case
bundle install	Install dependencies
bundle update GEM	Update specific gem
bundle exec CMD	Run command with bundled gems
bundle outdated	Check for updates
bundle audit	Security vulnerability check

All Ruby commands MUST use bundle exec prefix to ensure correct gem versions.

---

Naming Conventions

Element	Convention	Example
Files	snake_case	user_service.rb
Classes/Modules	PascalCase	UserService
Methods	snake_case	find_by_email
Variables	snake_case	current_user
Constants	SCREAMING_SNAKE	MAX_RETRIES
Predicates	trailing ?	valid?, empty?
Dangerous	trailing !	save!, destroy!
Setters	trailing =	name=

Method Naming

• Predicate methods MUST return boolean and end with ?
• Bang methods SHOULD indicate danger (mutation, exceptions) with !
• Private methods SHOULD NOT use underscore prefix (use private keyword)

---

Code Style

StandardRB

StandardRB SHOULD be used over RuboCop for simplicity:

• Zero configuration required
• Consistent style across projects
• Auto-fix available

# .standard.yml (optional overrides)
ruby_version: 3.3
ignore:
  - "db/schema.rb"
  - "vendor/**/*"

Style Guidelines

# String literals - prefer double quotes
name = "Ruby"

# Symbol arrays
%i[foo bar baz]

# String arrays
%w[apple banana cherry]

# Heredocs for multiline strings
query = <<~SQL
  SELECT * FROM users
  WHERE active = true
SQL

# Safe navigation operator
user&.profile&.avatar_url

# Endless methods (Ruby 3.0+) for simple one-liners
def full_name = "#{first_name} #{last_name}"

Method Definitions

# Keyword arguments SHOULD be preferred for optional params
def create_user(name:, email:, role: :member)
  # ...
end

# Avoid positional arguments beyond 2-3 parameters
# Bad
def create_user(name, email, role, active, verified)

# Good
def create_user(name:, email:, role:, active:, verified:)

---

Testing

RSpec (Preferred)

RSpec SHOULD be the default testing framework:

# spec/services/user_service_spec.rb
RSpec.describe UserService do
  describe "#create" do
    context "with valid attributes" do
      it "creates a new user" do
        result = described_class.new.create(name: "Test")
        expect(result).to be_success
      end
    end

    context "with invalid attributes" do
      it "returns failure" do
        result = described_class.new.create(name: "")
        expect(result).to be_failure
      end
    end
  end
end

Test Structure

• describe for classes/methods
• context for conditions/scenarios
• it for specific behaviors
• let for lazy-loaded test data
• let! for eager-loaded test data
• before for setup (use sparingly)

Minitest (Alternative)

# test/services/user_service_test.rb
class UserServiceTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_create_with_valid_attributes
    result = UserService.new.create(name: "Test")
    assert result.success?
  end
end

---

Blocks, Procs, and Lambdas

Preference Order

1. Blocks - SHOULD be preferred for most cases
2. Lambdas - MAY be used when storing/passing callable
3. Procs - SHOULD be avoided unless specific behavior needed

# Preferred: blocks
users.each { |user| notify(user) }

# Acceptable: lambda for callbacks
validator = ->(value) { value.present? }

# Lambda with arguments
process = ->(x, y) { x + y }

# Avoid: Proc.new unless needed
callback = Proc.new { |x| x * 2 }  # Different arity handling

Block Conversion

# Symbol to proc (preferred for simple cases)
names = users.map(&:name)

# Method reference
def process(item)
  item.upcase
end
items.map(&method(:process))

---

Metaprogramming

Guidelines

• Metaprogramming SHOULD be used sparingly
• All metaprogrammed methods MUST be documented
• Prefer explicit over implicit magic
• define_method over method_missing when possible

# Acceptable: documented DSL
class Validator
  # Defines validation methods for each attribute
  # @param attrs [Array<Symbol>] attribute names to validate
  def self.validates(*attrs)
    attrs.each do |attr|
      define_method("validate_#{attr}") do
        # validation logic
      end
    end
  end
end

# Document what methods are generated
# Generated methods: validate_name, validate_email
validates :name, :email

Avoid

# Avoid: unbounded method_missing
def method_missing(name, *args)
  # Hard to debug, no autocomplete
end

# Prefer: explicit delegation or define_method

---

Error Handling

# Custom errors SHOULD inherit from StandardError
class ServiceError < StandardError; end
class ValidationError < ServiceError; end

# Rescue specific exceptions
begin
  risky_operation
rescue ValidationError => e
  handle_validation(e)
rescue ServiceError => e
  handle_service_error(e)
rescue StandardError => e
  handle_unexpected(e)
end

# Result objects SHOULD be used for expected failures
Result = Data.define(:success, :value, :error) do
  def success? = success
  def failure? = !success

  def self.success(value) = new(true, value, nil)
  def self.failure(error) = new(false, nil, error)
end

---

File Structure

project/
  lib/           # Application code
  spec/          # RSpec tests
  test/          # Minitest tests
  bin/           # Executables
  Gemfile        # Dependencies
  Gemfile.lock   # Locked versions
  .ruby-version  # Ruby version
  .standard.yml  # StandardRB config (optional)

---

Out of Scope

• Rails specifics -> see rails-workflow
• Hanami specifics -> see hanami-workflow
• Gem publishing -> see gem-publishing