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income-statement-analysis

@pedro-mello30/stock-analyst
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Analyze income statements (P&L statements) to assess company financial performance. Use when evaluating revenue quality, margins (gross, operating, net), expense structure, profitability trends, or comparing financial performance against competitors. Triggers on income statement analysis, P&L review, margin analysis, revenue analysis, expense breakdown, or financial statement evaluation.

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SKILL.md

name income-statement-analysis
description Analyze income statements (P&L statements) to assess company financial performance. Use when evaluating revenue quality, margins (gross, operating, net), expense structure, profitability trends, or comparing financial performance against competitors. Triggers on income statement analysis, P&L review, margin analysis, revenue analysis, expense breakdown, or financial statement evaluation.

Income Statement Analysis

Structured approach to analyzing a company's income statement based on the App Economy Insights methodology.

Analysis Workflow

1. Gather the Data

Obtain the income statement data:

  • Quarterly (10-Q) or Annual (10-K) filings
  • Multiple periods for trend analysis (minimum 4 quarters or 2-3 years)
  • Competitor data for benchmarking

2. Analyze Revenue (Top Line)

Evaluate revenue quality:

  • Recurring vs non-recurring: Does the company start fresh each year?
  • Growth consistency: Sustainable patterns or volatile?
  • Temporary factors: Identify tailwinds/headwinds affecting the period

3. Calculate Key Margins

Gross Margin = (Revenue - COGS) / Revenue
Operating Margin = Operating Income / Revenue
Net Margin = Net Income / Revenue
EPS = Net Income / Outstanding Shares

For formulas and benchmarks: See references/metrics-formulas.md

4. Assess Operating Expenses

Break down OPEX as percentage of revenue:

  • S&M %: Sales efficiency (declining = good operating leverage)
  • R&D %: Innovation investment level
  • G&A %: Administrative overhead
  • D&A: Capital intensity indicator

5. Compare Across Time

Look for these signals over multiple periods:

  • Revenue growth vs peers (market share)
  • Gross margin stability (unit economics)
  • Operating margin improvement (operating leverage)
  • S&M efficiency gains (scalability)

6. Benchmark Against Competitors

Compare metrics to direct competitors in same industry. Context matters—Amazon's 2% operating margin is excellent for retail, weak for software.

7. Evaluate GAAP vs Non-GAAP

If company reports adjusted metrics:

  • Identify what's excluded
  • Question stock-based compensation exclusions
  • GAAP metrics are the only ones that matter long-term

For complete checklist: See references/analysis-framework.md

Output Structure

Present analysis as:

  1. Revenue Assessment: Quality, growth, sustainability
  2. Margin Analysis: Gross → Operating → Net with trends
  3. Expense Efficiency: OPEX breakdown and trends
  4. Competitive Position: vs peers
  5. Key Risks/Red Flags: Any concerns identified
  6. Summary: Overall financial health assessment