Quick Trigger Checklist:

• Trigger activates workflow correctly
• Payload parsed and validated
• Authentication enforced (if configured)
• Error responses are informative
• Response time is acceptable

Critical Success Factors:

• Test edge cases (empty payloads, large payloads)
• Verify idempotency where needed
• Check timeout handling
• Monitor for missed triggers

Quick Reference Card

n8n Trigger Types

Common Webhook Configurations

Webhook Testing

Basic Webhook Test

// Test webhook with various payloads
async function testWebhook(webhookUrl: string): Promise<WebhookTestResult> {
  const testPayloads = [
    // Valid JSON
    { type: 'json', data: { event: 'test', timestamp: Date.now() } },
    // Empty object
    { type: 'empty', data: {} },
    // Large payload
    { type: 'large', data: { items: Array(1000).fill({ id: 1, name: 'test' }) } },
    // Nested data
    { type: 'nested', data: { level1: { level2: { level3: { value: 'deep' } } } } },
    // Special characters
    { type: 'special', data: { text: 'Hello <script>alert("xss")</script>' } }
  ];

  const results: PayloadTestResult[] = [];

  for (const payload of testPayloads) {
    const startTime = Date.now();

    try {
      const response = await fetch(webhookUrl, {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
        body: JSON.stringify(payload.data)
      });

      results.push({
        payloadType: payload.type,
        success: response.ok,
        status: response.status,
        responseTime: Date.now() - startTime,
        responseBody: await response.text()
      });
    } catch (error) {
      results.push({
        payloadType: payload.type,
        success: false,
        error: error.message
      });
    }
  }

  return { webhookUrl, results };
}

HTTP Method Testing

// Test all HTTP methods
async function testWebhookMethods(webhookUrl: string): Promise<MethodTestResult[]> {
  const methods = ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH', 'DELETE', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'];
  const results: MethodTestResult[] = [];

  for (const method of methods) {
    try {
      const response = await fetch(webhookUrl, {
        method,
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
        body: ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'].includes(method) ? undefined : '{}'
      });

      results.push({
        method,
        allowed: response.ok || response.status !== 405,
        status: response.status,
        statusText: response.statusText
      });
    } catch (error) {
      results.push({
        method,
        allowed: false,
        error: error.message
      });
    }
  }

  return results;
}

Authentication Testing

// Test webhook authentication
async function testWebhookAuth(webhookUrl: string, authConfig: AuthConfig): Promise<AuthTestResult> {
  const scenarios = [
    // No auth
    { name: 'no-auth', headers: {} },
    // Invalid auth
    { name: 'invalid-auth', headers: { 'Authorization': 'Bearer invalid-token' } },
    // Valid auth
    { name: 'valid-auth', headers: { 'Authorization': `Bearer ${authConfig.token}` } },
    // Expired auth
    { name: 'expired-auth', headers: { 'Authorization': `Bearer ${authConfig.expiredToken}` } }
  ];

  const results: AuthScenarioResult[] = [];

  for (const scenario of scenarios) {
    const response = await fetch(webhookUrl, {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
        ...scenario.headers
      },
      body: '{}'
    });

    results.push({
      scenario: scenario.name,
      status: response.status,
      authenticated: response.ok,
      errorMessage: response.ok ? null : await response.text()
    });
  }

  return {
    authRequired: !results.find(r => r.scenario === 'no-auth')?.authenticated,
    invalidRejected: !results.find(r => r.scenario === 'invalid-auth')?.authenticated,
    validAccepted: results.find(r => r.scenario === 'valid-auth')?.authenticated,
    results
  };
}

Schedule Testing

Cron Expression Validation

// Validate cron expression
function validateCronExpression(expression: string): CronValidationResult {
  const parts = expression.trim().split(/\s+/);

  if (parts.length < 5 || parts.length > 6) {
    return {
      valid: false,
      error: `Expected 5-6 parts, got ${parts.length}`
    };
  }

  const [minute, hour, dayOfMonth, month, dayOfWeek, year] = parts;

  const validations = [
    { field: 'minute', value: minute, range: [0, 59] },
    { field: 'hour', value: hour, range: [0, 23] },
    { field: 'dayOfMonth', value: dayOfMonth, range: [1, 31] },
    { field: 'month', value: month, range: [1, 12] },
    { field: 'dayOfWeek', value: dayOfWeek, range: [0, 7] }
  ];

  for (const v of validations) {
    const result = validateCronField(v.value, v.range);
    if (!result.valid) {
      return { valid: false, error: `Invalid ${v.field}: ${result.error}` };
    }
  }

  return {
    valid: true,
    description: describeCronExpression(expression),
    nextExecutions: getNextCronExecutions(expression, 5)
  };
}

// Get human-readable description
function describeCronExpression(expression: string): string {
  // Common patterns
  const patterns: Record<string, string> = {
    '* * * * *': 'Every minute',
    '*/5 * * * *': 'Every 5 minutes',
    '0 * * * *': 'Every hour',
    '0 0 * * *': 'Every day at midnight',
    '0 9 * * 1-5': 'Weekdays at 9:00 AM',
    '0 0 1 * *': 'First day of every month',
    '0 0 * * 0': 'Every Sunday at midnight'
  };

  return patterns[expression] || 'Custom schedule';
}

// Calculate next execution times
function getNextCronExecutions(expression: string, count: number): Date[] {
  const executions: Date[] = [];
  let current = new Date();

  // Simple implementation - use cron-parser library in production
  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    const next = calculateNextCronExecution(expression, current);
    executions.push(next);
    current = new Date(next.getTime() + 60000); // Move past this execution
  }

  return executions;
}

Schedule Reliability Testing

// Test schedule trigger reliability
async function testScheduleReliability(triggerId: string, testDuration: number): Promise<ScheduleTestResult> {
  const startTime = Date.now();
  const expectedExecutions: Date[] = [];
  const actualExecutions: Date[] = [];

  // Calculate expected execution times
  const cronExpression = await getTriggerCronExpression(triggerId);
  let checkTime = new Date(startTime);
  while (checkTime.getTime() < startTime + testDuration) {
    const nextExec = calculateNextCronExecution(cronExpression, checkTime);
    if (nextExec.getTime() < startTime + testDuration) {
      expectedExecutions.push(nextExec);
    }
    checkTime = new Date(nextExec.getTime() + 60000);
  }

  // Monitor actual executions
  const executionListener = onExecutionStart(triggerId, (exec) => {
    actualExecutions.push(new Date(exec.startedAt));
  });

  // Wait for test duration
  await sleep(testDuration);
  executionListener.stop();

  // Compare expected vs actual
  const comparison = compareExecutions(expectedExecutions, actualExecutions);

  return {
    testDuration,
    expectedCount: expectedExecutions.length,
    actualCount: actualExecutions.length,
    missedExecutions: comparison.missed,
    extraExecutions: comparison.extra,
    timingAccuracy: comparison.timingAccuracy,
    reliability: (actualExecutions.length / expectedExecutions.length) * 100
  };
}

Polling Trigger Testing

// Test polling trigger behavior
async function testPollingTrigger(triggerId: string, testConfig: PollingTestConfig): Promise<PollingTestResult> {
  const { interval, testDuration, simulateDataChanges } = testConfig;

  const pollEvents: PollEvent[] = [];
  const triggeredExecutions: Execution[] = [];

  // Monitor polling events
  const pollListener = onPoll(triggerId, (event) => {
    pollEvents.push({
      timestamp: new Date(),
      dataFound: event.hasNewData,
      itemCount: event.items?.length || 0
    });
  });

  // Monitor triggered executions
  const execListener = onExecutionStart(triggerId, (exec) => {
    triggeredExecutions.push(exec);
  });

  // Optionally simulate data changes
  if (simulateDataChanges) {
    for (const change of simulateDataChanges) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        injectTestData(triggerId, change.data);
      }, change.at);
    }
  }

  // Wait for test duration
  await sleep(testDuration);

  pollListener.stop();
  execListener.stop();

  // Analyze results
  const expectedPolls = Math.floor(testDuration / interval);
  const actualPolls = pollEvents.length;

  return {
    interval,
    testDuration,
    expectedPolls,
    actualPolls,
    pollAccuracy: (actualPolls / expectedPolls) * 100,
    averageInterval: calculateAverageInterval(pollEvents),
    executionsTriggered: triggeredExecutions.length,
    deduplicationWorking: checkDeduplication(triggeredExecutions),
    pollEvents
  };
}

// Check if deduplication is working
function checkDeduplication(executions: Execution[]): boolean {
  const processedIds = new Set();

  for (const exec of executions) {
    const itemIds = exec.data?.resultData?.runData?.Trigger?.[0]?.data?.main?.[0]
      ?.map(item => item.json?.id);

    if (itemIds) {
      for (const id of itemIds) {
        if (processedIds.has(id)) {
          return false; // Duplicate found
        }
        processedIds.add(id);
      }
    }
  }

  return true;
}

Event Trigger Testing

// Test event-driven triggers
async function testEventTrigger(triggerId: string, eventConfig: EventTestConfig): Promise<EventTestResult> {
  const { eventType, testEvents, timeout } = eventConfig;

  const results: EventResult[] = [];

  for (const testEvent of testEvents) {
    // Emit test event
    const startTime = Date.now();
    await emitTestEvent(eventType, testEvent.payload);

    // Wait for trigger
    try {
      const execution = await waitForTrigger(triggerId, timeout);

      results.push({
        eventType: testEvent.type,
        triggered: true,
        latency: Date.now() - startTime,
        payloadReceived: execution.data?.inputData
      });
    } catch (error) {
      results.push({
        eventType: testEvent.type,
        triggered: false,
        error: error.message
      });
    }
  }

  return {
    eventType,
    testsRun: testEvents.length,
    triggered: results.filter(r => r.triggered).length,
    averageLatency: average(results.filter(r => r.triggered).map(r => r.latency)),
    results
  };
}

Trigger Response Testing

// Test trigger response modes
async function testTriggerResponses(webhookUrl: string): Promise<ResponseTestResult> {
  // Test immediate response
  const immediateStart = Date.now();
  const immediateResponse = await fetch(webhookUrl, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    body: '{"test": "immediate"}'
  });
  const immediateTime = Date.now() - immediateStart;

  // Test with workflow execution
  const workflowStart = Date.now();
  const workflowResponse = await fetch(`${webhookUrl}?waitForResponse=true`, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    body: '{"test": "workflow"}'
  });
  const workflowTime = Date.now() - workflowStart;

  return {
    immediateResponse: {
      status: immediateResponse.status,
      time: immediateTime,
      body: await immediateResponse.text()
    },
    workflowResponse: {
      status: workflowResponse.status,
      time: workflowTime,
      body: await workflowResponse.text()
    },
    responseMode: workflowTime > immediateTime + 100 ? 'workflow' : 'immediate'
  };
}

Test Scenarios

Webhook Scenarios:
  - name: Valid JSON POST
    method: POST
    payload: {"event": "test"}
    expected: 200 OK

  - name: Invalid JSON
    method: POST
    payload: "not valid json"
    expected: 400 Bad Request

  - name: Missing auth
    method: POST
    headers: {}
    expected: 401 Unauthorized

  - name: Large payload
    method: POST
    payload: [10MB of data]
    expected: 413 Payload Too Large

Schedule Scenarios:
  - name: Every 5 minutes
    cron: "*/5 * * * *"
    verify: 12 executions per hour

  - name: Weekdays at 9 AM
    cron: "0 9 * * 1-5"
    verify: 5 executions per week

Polling Scenarios:
  - name: 1 minute interval
    interval: 60000
    verify: ~60 polls per hour

  - name: Deduplication
    interval: 60000
    inject_duplicate: true
    verify: No duplicate processing

Related Skills

• n8n-workflow-testing-fundamentals
• n8n-integration-testing-patterns
• n8n-security-testing

Remember

n8n triggers are the entry points to workflows. Testing requires:

• Webhook: Payload handling, auth, HTTP methods
• Schedule: Cron accuracy, timezone handling
• Polling: Interval accuracy, deduplication
• Event: Event handling, filtering

Key patterns: Test with various payloads (valid, invalid, edge cases). Verify authentication enforcement. Check response times and reliability over time.