Observability Patterns

When to Use

• Designing monitoring infrastructure for new services
• Defining SLIs, SLOs, and error budgets for reliability
• Implementing distributed tracing across microservices
• Creating alert rules that minimize noise and maximize signal
• Building dashboards for operations and business stakeholders
• Establishing incident response and postmortem processes
• Diagnosing production issues through telemetry correlation

Philosophy

You cannot fix what you cannot see. Observability is not about collecting data - it is about answering questions you have not thought to ask yet. Good observability turns every incident into a learning opportunity and every metric into actionable insight.

The Three Pillars

Metrics

Numeric measurements aggregated over time. Best for understanding system behavior at scale.

Characteristics:

• Highly efficient storage (aggregated values)
• Support mathematical operations (rates, percentiles)
• Enable alerting on thresholds
• Limited cardinality (avoid high-cardinality labels)

Types:

Type	Use Case	Example
Counter	Cumulative values that only increase	Total requests, errors, bytes sent
Gauge	Values that go up and down	Current memory, active connections
Histogram	Distribution of values in buckets	Request latency, payload sizes
Summary	Similar to histogram, calculated client-side	Pre-computed percentiles

Logs

Immutable records of discrete events. Best for understanding specific occurrences.

Characteristics:

• Rich context and arbitrary data
• Expensive to store and query at scale
• Essential for debugging specific issues
• Should be structured (JSON) for parseability

Structure:

Required fields:
- timestamp: ISO 8601 format with timezone
- level: ERROR, WARN, INFO, DEBUG
- message: Human-readable description
- service: Service identifier
- trace_id: Correlation identifier

Context fields:
- user_id: Sanitized user identifier
- request_id: Request correlation
- duration_ms: Operation timing
- error_type: Classification for errors

Traces

Records of request flow across distributed systems. Best for understanding causality and latency.

Characteristics:

• Show request path through services
• Identify latency bottlenecks
• Reveal dependencies and failure points
• Higher overhead than metrics

Components:

• Trace: Complete request journey
• Span: Single operation within a trace
• Context: Metadata propagated across services

SLI/SLO/SLA Framework

Service Level Indicators (SLIs)

Quantitative measures of service behavior from the user perspective.

Common SLI categories:

Category	Measures	Example SLI
Availability	Service is responding	% of successful requests
Latency	Response speed	% of requests < 200ms
Throughput	Capacity	Requests processed per second
Error Rate	Correctness	% of requests without errors
Freshness	Data currency	% of data < 1 minute old

SLI specification:

SLI: Request Latency
Definition: Time from request received to response sent
Measurement: Server-side histogram at p50, p95, p99
Exclusions: Health checks, internal tooling
Data source: Application metrics

Service Level Objectives (SLOs)

Target reliability levels for SLIs over a time window.

SLO formula:

SLO = (Good events / Total events) >= Target over Window

Example:
99.9% of requests complete successfully in < 200ms
measured over a 30-day rolling window

Setting SLO targets:

• Start with current baseline performance
• Consider user expectations and business impact
• Balance reliability investment against feature velocity
• Document error budget policy

Error Budgets

The allowed amount of unreliability within an SLO.

Calculation:

Error Budget = 1 - SLO Target

99.9% SLO = 0.1% error budget
= 43.2 minutes downtime per 30 days
= 8.64 seconds per day

Error budget policies:

• Budget remaining: Continue feature development
• Budget depleted: Focus on reliability work
• Budget burning fast: Freeze deploys, investigate

Alerting Strategies

Symptom-Based Alerts

Alert on user-visible symptoms, not internal causes.

Good alerts:

• Error rate exceeds threshold (users experiencing failures)
• Latency SLO at risk (users experiencing slowness)
• Queue depth growing (backlog affecting users)

Poor alerts:

• CPU at 80% (may not affect users)
• Pod restarted (self-healing, may not affect users)
• Disk at 70% (not yet impacting service)

Multi-Window, Multi-Burn-Rate Alerts

Detect fast burns quickly, slow burns before budget depletion.

Configuration:

Fast burn: 14.4x burn rate over 1 hour
  - Fires in 1 hour if issue persists
  - Catches severe incidents quickly

Slow burn: 3x burn rate over 3 days
  - Fires before 30-day budget depletes
  - Catches gradual degradation

Alert Fatigue Prevention

Strategies:

• Alert only on actionable issues
• Consolidate related alerts
• Set meaningful thresholds (not arbitrary)
• Require sustained condition before firing
• Include runbook links in every alert
• Review and prune alerts quarterly

Alert quality checklist:

• Can someone take action right now?
• Is the severity appropriate?
• Does it include enough context?
• Is there a runbook linked?
• Has it fired false positives recently?

Dashboard Design

Hierarchy of Dashboards

Service Health Overview:

• High-level SLO status
• Error budget consumption
• Key business metrics
• Designed for quick triage

Deep-Dive Diagnostic:

• Detailed metrics breakdown
• Resource utilization
• Dependency health
• Designed for investigation

Business Metrics:

• User-facing KPIs
• Conversion and engagement
• Revenue impact
• Designed for stakeholders

Dashboard Principles

• Answer specific questions, not show all data
• Use consistent color coding (green=good, red=bad)
• Show time ranges appropriate to the metric
• Include context (deployments, incidents) on graphs
• Mobile-responsive for on-call use
• Provide drill-down paths to detailed views

Essential Panels

Panel	Purpose	Audience
SLO Status	Current reliability vs target	Everyone
Error Budget	Remaining budget and burn rate	Engineering
Request Rate	Traffic patterns and anomalies	Operations
Latency Distribution	p50, p95, p99 over time	Engineering
Error Breakdown	Errors by type and endpoint	Engineering
Dependency Health	Status of upstream services	Operations

Best Practices

• Correlate metrics, logs, and traces with shared identifiers
• Instrument code at service boundaries, not everywhere
• Use structured logging with consistent field names
• Set retention policies appropriate to data value
• Test alerts in staging before production
• Document SLOs and share with stakeholders
• Conduct regular game days to validate observability
• Automate common diagnostic procedures in runbooks

Anti-Patterns

• Alert on every possible metric (alert fatigue)
• Create dashboards without specific questions in mind
• Log without structure or correlation IDs
• Set SLOs without measuring current baseline
• Ignore error budget policies when convenient
• Treat all alerts with equal severity
• Store high-cardinality data in metrics (use logs/traces)
• Skip postmortems when issues resolve themselves

References

• references/monitoring-patterns.md - Detailed implementation patterns and examples