RAG Implementation Patterns

Purpose: Provide complete RAG pipeline templates, chunking strategies, vector database schemas, and retrieval patterns for building production-ready RAG systems with Vercel AI SDK.

Activation Triggers:

• Building RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) systems
• Implementing semantic search functionality
• Creating AI-powered knowledge bases
• Document ingestion and embedding generation
• Vector database integration
• Hybrid search (vector + keyword) implementation

Key Resources:

• templates/rag-pipeline.ts - Complete RAG pipeline template
• templates/vector-db-schemas/ - Database schemas for Pinecone, Chroma, pgvector, Weaviate
• templates/chunking-strategies.ts - Document chunking implementations
• templates/retrieval-patterns.ts - Semantic search and hybrid search patterns
• scripts/chunk-documents.sh - Document chunking utility
• scripts/generate-embeddings.sh - Batch embedding generation
• scripts/validate-rag-setup.sh - Validate RAG configuration
• examples/ - Complete RAG implementations (chatbot, Q&A, search)

Core RAG Pipeline

1. Document Ingestion → Chunking → Embedding → Storage → Retrieval → Generation

Template: templates/rag-pipeline.ts

Workflow:

// 1. Ingest documents
const documents = await loadDocuments()

// 2. Chunk documents
const chunks = await chunkDocuments(documents, {
  chunkSize: 1000
  overlap: 200
  strategy: 'semantic'
})

// 3. Generate embeddings
const embeddings = await embedMany({
  model: openai.embedding('text-embedding-3-small')
  values: chunks.map(c => c.text)
})

// 4. Store in vector DB
await vectorDB.upsert(chunks.map((chunk, i) => ({
  id: chunk.id
  embedding: embeddings.embeddings[i]
  metadata: chunk.metadata
})))

// 5. Retrieve relevant chunks
const query = await embed({
  model: openai.embedding('text-embedding-3-small')
  value: userQuestion
})

const results = await vectorDB.query({
  vector: query.embedding
  topK: 5
})

// 6. Generate response with context
const response = await generateText({
  model: openai('gpt-4o')
  messages: [
    {
      role: 'system'
      content: `Answer based on this context:\n\n${results.map(r => r.text).join('\n\n')}`
    }
    { role: 'user', content: userQuestion }
  ]
})

Chunking Strategies

1. Fixed-Size Chunking

When to use: Simple documents, consistent structure

Template: templates/chunking-strategies.ts#fixedSize

function chunkByFixedSize(text: string, chunkSize: number, overlap: number) {
  const chunks = []
  for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i += chunkSize - overlap) {
    chunks.push(text.slice(i, i + chunkSize))
  }
  return chunks
}

Best for: Articles, blog posts, documentation

2. Semantic Chunking

When to use: Preserve meaning and context

Template: templates/chunking-strategies.ts#semantic

function chunkBySemantic(text: string) {
  // Split on paragraphs, headings, or natural breaks
  const sections = text.split(/\n\n+/)
  const chunks = []

  let currentChunk = ''
  for (const section of sections) {
    if ((currentChunk + section).length > 1000) {
      if (currentChunk) chunks.push(currentChunk.trim())
      currentChunk = section
    } else {
      currentChunk += '\n\n' + section
    }
  }
  if (currentChunk) chunks.push(currentChunk.trim())

  return chunks
}

Best for: Books, research papers, structured content

3. Recursive Chunking

When to use: Hierarchical documents with sections/subsections

Template: templates/chunking-strategies.ts#recursive

Best for: Technical docs, manuals, legal documents

Vector Database Integration

Supported Databases

1. Pinecone (Fully Managed)

Template: templates/vector-db-schemas/pinecone-schema.ts

import { Pinecone } from '@pinecone-database/pinecone'

const pinecone = new Pinecone({
  apiKey: process.env.PINECONE_API_KEY!
})

const index = pinecone.index('knowledge-base')

// Upsert embeddings
await index.upsert([
  {
    id: 'doc-1-chunk-1'
    values: embedding
    metadata: {
      text: chunk.text
      source: chunk.source
      timestamp: Date.now()
    }
  }
])

// Query
const results = await index.query({
  vector: queryEmbedding
  topK: 5
  includeMetadata: true
})

2. Chroma (Open Source)

Template: templates/vector-db-schemas/chroma-schema.ts

Best for: Local development, prototyping

3. pgvector (Postgres Extension)

Template: templates/vector-db-schemas/pgvector-schema.sql

Best for: Existing Postgres infrastructure, cost-effective

4. Weaviate (Open Source/Cloud)

Template: templates/vector-db-schemas/weaviate-schema.ts

Best for: Advanced filtering, hybrid search

Retrieval Patterns

1. Simple Semantic Search

Template: templates/retrieval-patterns.ts#simpleSearch

async function semanticSearch(query: string, topK: number = 5) {
  // Embed query
  const { embedding } = await embed({
    model: openai.embedding('text-embedding-3-small')
    value: query
  })

  // Search vector DB
  const results = await vectorDB.query({
    vector: embedding
    topK
  })

  return results
}

2. Hybrid Search (Vector + Keyword)

Template: templates/retrieval-patterns.ts#hybridSearch

async function hybridSearch(query: string, topK: number = 10) {
  // Vector search
  const vectorResults = await semanticSearch(query, topK)

  // Keyword search (BM25 or full-text)
  const keywordResults = await fullTextSearch(query, topK)

  // Combine and re-rank
  const combined = rerank(vectorResults, keywordResults)

  return combined.slice(0, topK)
}

Best practice: Use hybrid search for better recall

3. Re-Ranking

Template: templates/retrieval-patterns.ts#reranking

async function rerankResults(query: string, results: any[]) {
  // Use cross-encoder or LLM for re-ranking
  const reranked = await generateObject({
    model: openai('gpt-4o')
    schema: z.object({
      rankedIds: z.array(z.string())
    })
    messages: [
      {
        role: 'system'
        content: 'Rank these documents by relevance to the query.'
      }
      {
        role: 'user'
        content: `Query: ${query}\n\nDocuments: ${JSON.stringify(results)}`
      }
    ]
  })

  return reranked.object.rankedIds.map(id =>
    results.find(r => r.id === id)
  )
}

Implementation Workflow

Step 1: Validate RAG Setup

# Check dependencies and configuration
./scripts/validate-rag-setup.sh

Checks:

• AI SDK installation
• Vector database client installed
• Environment variables configured
• Embedding model accessible

Step 2: Choose Chunking Strategy

Decision tree:

• Uniform documents → Fixed-size chunking
• Natural sections → Semantic chunking
• Hierarchical structure → Recursive chunking
• Mixed content → Hybrid approach

Step 3: Select Vector Database

Considerations:

• Pinecone: Best for production, fully managed, higher cost
• Chroma: Best for prototypes, local development, free
• pgvector: Best if using Postgres, cost-effective
• Weaviate: Best for complex filtering, hybrid search

Step 4: Implement Embedding Generation

# Batch generate embeddings
./scripts/generate-embeddings.sh ./documents/ openai

Optimization:

• Use embedMany for batch processing
• Implement rate limiting for API quotas
• Cache embeddings to avoid re-generation
• Use cheaper models for prototyping

Step 5: Build Retrieval Pipeline

Use template: templates/retrieval-patterns.ts

Customize:

1. Set topK (typically 3-10 chunks)
2. Add metadata filtering if needed
3. Implement re-ranking for better results
4. Add hybrid search for improved recall

Step 6: Integrate with Generation

Pattern:

const context = retrievedChunks.map(chunk => chunk.text).join('\n\n')

const response = await generateText({
  model: openai('gpt-4o')
  messages: [
    {
      role: 'system'
      content: `Answer based on this context. If the answer is not in the context, say so.\n\nContext:\n${context}`
    }
    { role: 'user', content: query }
  ]
})

Optimization Strategies

1. Chunk Size Optimization

Guideline:

• Small chunks (200-500 tokens): Better precision, more API calls
• Medium chunks (500-1000 tokens): Balanced
• Large chunks (1000-2000 tokens): Better context, less precision

Test with your data: Use scripts/chunk-documents.sh with different sizes

2. Embedding Model Selection

OpenAI text-embedding-3-small:

• Dimensions: 1536
• Cost: $0.02 per 1M tokens
• Best for: Most use cases

OpenAI text-embedding-3-large:

• Dimensions: 3072
• Cost: $0.13 per 1M tokens
• Best for: Higher accuracy needs

Cohere embed-english-v3.0:

• Dimensions: 1024 (configurable)
• Cost: $0.10 per 1M tokens
• Best for: Semantic search, compression support

3. Query Optimization

Multi-query retrieval:

// Generate multiple query variations
const variations = await generateText({
  model: openai('gpt-4o')
  messages: [{
    role: 'user'
    content: `Generate 3 variations of this query: "${query}"`
  }]
})

// Search with all variations and combine results
const allResults = await Promise.all(
  variations.map(v => semanticSearch(v))
)

const combined = deduplicateAndRank(allResults.flat())

Production Best Practices

1. Error Handling

try {
  const results = await ragPipeline(query)
  return results
} catch (error) {
  if (error.code === 'RATE_LIMIT') {
    // Implement exponential backoff
  } else if (error.code === 'VECTOR_DB_ERROR') {
    // Fallback to keyword search
  }
  throw error
}

2. Caching

// Cache embeddings
const cache = new Map<string, number[]>()

async function getEmbedding(text: string) {
  if (cache.has(text)) {
    return cache.get(text)!
  }

  const { embedding } = await embed({ model, value: text })
  cache.set(text, embedding)
  return embedding
}

3. Monitoring

// Track RAG metrics
metrics.record({
  operation: 'rag_query'
  latency: Date.now() - startTime
  chunksRetrieved: results.length
  vectorDBCalls: 1
  embeddingCost: calculateCost(query.length)
})

Common RAG Patterns

1. Conversational RAG

Example: examples/conversational-rag.ts

Maintains conversation context while retrieving relevant information

2. Multi-Document RAG

Example: examples/multi-document-rag.ts

Retrieves from multiple knowledge bases

3. Agentic RAG

Example: examples/agentic-rag.ts

Uses tools to decide when and what to retrieve

Resources

Scripts:

• chunk-documents.sh - Chunk documents with different strategies
• generate-embeddings.sh - Batch embedding generation
• validate-rag-setup.sh - Validate configuration

Templates:

• rag-pipeline.ts - Complete RAG implementation
• chunking-strategies.ts - All chunking approaches
• retrieval-patterns.ts - Search and re-ranking patterns
• vector-db-schemas/ - Database-specific schemas

Examples:

• conversational-rag.ts - Chat with memory
• multi-document-rag.ts - Multiple sources
• agentic-rag.ts - Tool-based retrieval

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Supported Vector DBs: Pinecone, Chroma, pgvector, Weaviate, Qdrant SDK Version: Vercel AI SDK 5+ Embedding Models: OpenAI, Cohere, Custom

Best Practice: Start with simple semantic search, add complexity as needed